Principles of Information Systems (MindTap Course List)
Principles of Information Systems (MindTap Course List)
13th Edition
ISBN: 9781305971776
Author: Ralph Stair, George Reynolds
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 3PSE
Program Plan Intro

Components of computer:

Computer has four major components, they are:

  • Central processing unit (CPU)
  • Memory unit
  • Input devices
  • Output devices

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

  • CPU plays the key role in a computer by carrying out instructions of a computer program.
  • It performs all the basic logic, arithmetic, controlling and input/output operations that are specified by the instructions.
  • The CPU comprises of two units, Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU).

Memory unit:

  • Once computer program instructions set are transformed into machine code by CPU, the machine code is stored in memory.
  • Then the CPU fetches the required data and instructions from memory and performs the required operations and then sends the result and next instructions set back to memory.

Input devices:

  • The devices used by the user to feed information to the computer, such as a hard drive, keyboard, or a networking card.
  • These devices get the data from outside world into the computer in the way that human eyes and ears bring the data to brain.

Output devices:

  • Output devices are used by computer to deliver information to user, such as a monitor, printer, and speaker.
  • The CPU takes the machine code present in memory and converts it into a format that is mandatory by monitor’s hardware.
  • Then the monitor’s hardware converts that information into different light intensities so that you see words or pictures.

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Consider the problem of finding a path in the grid shown below from the position S to theposition G. The agent can move on the grid horizontally and vertically, one square at atime (each step has a cost of one). No step may be made into a forbidden crossed area. Inthe case of ties, break it using up, left, right, and down.(a) Draw the search tree in a greedy search. Manhattan distance should be used as theheuristic function. That is, h(n) for any node n is the Manhattan distance from nto G. The Manhattan distance between two points is the distance in the x-directionplus the distance in the y-direction. It corresponds to the distance traveled along citystreets arranged in a grid. For example, the Manhattan distance between G and S is4. What is the path that is found by the greedy search?(b) Draw the search tree in an A∗search. Manhattan distance should be used as the

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