The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals. Concept Introduction: The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is 1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy. The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy. Principal Quantum Number (n) The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell ( level ). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n 2 . As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases. To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen. Find the value of ‘n’

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.89QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

Find the value of ‘n’

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 2p, 3p orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3d_xy, 3d_yz orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3s, 3d orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 4f, 5s orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

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Answers to the remaining 6 questions will be hand-drawn on paper and submitted as a single file upload below: Review of this week's reaction: H₂NCN (cyanamide) + CH3NHCH2COOH (sarcosine) + NaCl, NH4OH, H₂O ---> H₂NC(=NH)N(CH3)CH2COOH (creatine) Q7. Draw by hand the reaction of creatine synthesis listed above using line structures without showing the Cs and some of the Hs, but include the lone pairs of electrons wherever they apply. (4 pts) Q8. Considering the Zwitterion form of an amino acid, draw the Zwitterion form of Creatine. (2 pts) Q9. Explain with drawing why the C-N bond shown in creatine structure below can or cannot rotate. (3 pts) NH2(C=NH)-N(CH)CH2COOH This bond Q10. Draw two tautomers of creatine using line structures. (Note: this question is valid because problem Q9 is valid). (4 pts) Q11. Mechanism. After seeing and understanding the mechanism of creatine synthesis, students should be ready to understand the first half of one of the Grignard reactions presented in a past…

Propose a synthesis pathway for the following transformations. b) c) d)

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.89QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

Find the value of ‘n’

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 2p, 3p orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3d_xy, 3d_yz orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3s, 3d orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 4f, 5s orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.89QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

Find the value of ‘n’

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 2p, 3p orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3d_xy, 3d_yz orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3s, 3d orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 4f, 5s orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.89QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

Find the value of ‘n’

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 2p, 3p orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3d_xy, 3d_yz orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3s, 3d orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 4f, 5s orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 3.89QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

Find the value of ‘n’

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 2p, 3p orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3d_xy, 3d_yz orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3s, 3d orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 4f, 5s orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 3.89QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 3.89QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 1s, 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 2p, 3p orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 2p, 3p orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3d_xy, 3d_yz orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3d_xy, 3d_yz orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3s, 3d orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 3s, 3d orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 4f, 5s orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital which is higher in energy should be identified in the given pairs of hydrogen orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

The energies of orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the principal quantum number (n). When n increases, energy also increases. For this reason, orbitals in the same shell have the same energy in spite of their subshell. The increasing order of energy of hydrogen orbitals is

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f

In the case of one 2s and three 2p orbitals in the second shell, they have the same energy. In the third shell, all nine orbitals (one 3s, three 3p and five 3d) have the same energy. All sixteen orbitals (one 4s, three 4p, five 4d and seven 4f) in the fourth shell have the same energy.

The energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom are easily explained by considering the given diagram. Here, each box represents one orbital. Orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) have the same energy.

Principal Quantum Number (n)

The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n². As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.

To find: Identify the orbital which is higher in energy in the given pair 4f, 5s orbitals of hydrogen

Find the value of ‘n’

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

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Solution Summary: The author explains the energy levels of the different orbitals in hydrogen atom by considering the diagram.

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