CHEMISTRY (LOOSELEAF) >CUSTOM<
13th Edition
ISBN: 9781264348992
Author: Chang
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 3.31QP
Describe the operation of a mass spectrometer.
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d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count
and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship
between k' and N.
Plate Count (N)
4000
3500
2500
2000
1500
1000
Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22
nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000
Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain
k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS
(30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different
compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All
columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles,
except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other
chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm,
column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C,
and injection volume 0.5 μL
Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene)
FMS
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ;
500
0
5
10…
f. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7
would change if the temperature were raised
from 40 °C to 55 °C.
Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four
nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red;
nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS
phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6
mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection
volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the
plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion.
Reduced Plate Height (h)
°
20
40
60
Reduced Velocity (v)
8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and
standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are
obtained:
Ppb benzene
Peak area benzene
Peak area toluene
10.0
252
376
Sample
533
368
What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?
Liquid chromatography has been used to track the concentration of remdesivir
(a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, structure shown at right) in COVID patients
undergoing experimental treatments.
Intensity
The authors provide the following details regarding standard solutions
preparation:
HN
CN
HO
OH
NH2
Remdesivir (RDV) stock solution (5000 µg/mL) was prepared by
dissolving RDV drug powder using the mixture of DMSO: MeOH (30:70
v/v). The RDV working standard solutions for calibration and quality
controls were prepared using methanol in concentrations of 100, 10, 1,
0.1, 0.01 µg/mL. 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 5000 ng/mL sample solutions
were prepared freshly by spiking calibration standard solutions into the blank human plasma samples
for method calibration.
a) What type of calibration method is being described? Why do you think the authors chose this
method as opposed to another?
b) Based on the details provided in part a, describe an appropriate method blank…
Chapter 3 Solutions
CHEMISTRY (LOOSELEAF) >CUSTOM<
Ch. 3.1 - The atomic masses of the two stable isotopes of...Ch. 3.1 - There are two stable isotopes of iridium: 191Ir...Ch. 3.1 - The hypothetical element Q occurs as a mixture of...Ch. 3.2 - How many moles of magnesium (Mg) are there in 87.3...Ch. 3.2 - Calculate the number of grams of lead (Pb) in 12.4...Ch. 3.2 - Gold atoms form small clusters containing a fixed...Ch. 3.2 - Determine which of the following contains the...Ch. 3.2 - How many moles of rubidium (Rb) are there in 3.75 ...Ch. 3.2 - What is the mass in grams of 1.68 moles of...Ch. 3.3 - What is the molecular mass of methanol (CH4O)?
Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 6PECh. 3.3 - Prob. 7PECh. 3.3 - Determine the molecular mass and the molar mass of...Ch. 3.3 - What is the mass in grams of 0.382 moles of...Ch. 3.3 - How many oxygen atoms are in 124 g of calcium...Ch. 3.5 - Calculate the percent composition by mass of each...Ch. 3.5 - Determine the empirical formula of a compound...Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 10PECh. 3.5 - Prob. 1RCFCh. 3.5 - Prob. 2RCFCh. 3.5 - Determine the empirical formula of a compound...Ch. 3.6 - A sample of a compound containing boron (B) and...Ch. 3.6 - What is the molecular formula of a compound...Ch. 3.7 - Balance the equation representing the reaction...Ch. 3.7 - Which parts of the equation shown here are...Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 2RCFCh. 3.8 - Methanol (CH3OH) burns in air according to the...Ch. 3.8 - The reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen...Ch. 3.8 - Which of the following statements is correct for...Ch. 3.8 - Prob. 2RCFCh. 3.8 - At high temperatures, magnesium reacts with...Ch. 3.9 - The reaction between aluminum and iron(III) oxide...Ch. 3.9 - Prob. 16PECh. 3.9 - Aluminum and bromine vigorously react according to...Ch. 3.9 - Consider the following reaction:...Ch. 3.10 - Industrially, vanadium metal, which is used in...Ch. 3.10 - Prob. 1RCFCh. 3.10 - Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is prepared from the...Ch. 3 - What is an atomic mass unit? Why is it necessary...Ch. 3 - What is the mass (in amu) of a carbon-12 atom? Why...Ch. 3 - Explain clearly what is meant by the statement,...Ch. 3 - What information would you need to calculate the...Ch. 3 - The atomic masses of 1735Cl (75.53 percent) 1737Cl...Ch. 3 - The atomic masses of 36Li and 37Li are 6.0151 amu...Ch. 3 - What is the mass in grams of 13.2 amu?Ch. 3 - How many amu are there in 8.4 g?Ch. 3 - Define the term mole. What is the unit for mole in...Ch. 3 - What is the molar mass of an atom? What are the...Ch. 3 - Earths population is about 7.2 billion. Suppose...Ch. 3 - The thickness of a piece of paper is 0.0036 in....Ch. 3 - How many atoms are there in 5.10 moles of sulfur...Ch. 3 - How many moles of cobalt (Co) atoms are there in...Ch. 3 - How many moles of calcium (Ca) atoms are in 77.4 g...Ch. 3 - How many grams of gold (Au) are there in 15.3...Ch. 3 - What is the mass in grams of a single atom of each...Ch. 3 - What is the mass in grams of a single atom of each...Ch. 3 - What is the mass in grams of 1.00 1012 lead (Pb)...Ch. 3 - A modern penny weighs 2.5 g but contains only...Ch. 3 - Which of the following has more atoms: 1.10 g of...Ch. 3 - Which of the following has a greater mass: 2 atoms...Ch. 3 - Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass (in...Ch. 3 - Calculate the molar mass of the following...Ch. 3 - Calculate the molar mass of a compound if 0.372...Ch. 3 - How many molecules of ethane (C2H6) are present in...Ch. 3 - Calculate the number of C, H, and O atoms in 1.50...Ch. 3 - Dimethyl sulfoxide [(CH3)2SO], also called DMSO,...Ch. 3 - Pheromones are a special type of compound secreted...Ch. 3 - The density of water is 1.00 g/mL at 4C. How many...Ch. 3 - Describe the operation of a mass spectrometer.Ch. 3 - Describe how you would determine the isotopic...Ch. 3 - Carbon has two stable isotopes, 612C and 613C, and...Ch. 3 - Hydrogen has two stable isotopes, 11H and 12H, and...Ch. 3 - Use ammonia (NH3) to explain what is meant by the...Ch. 3 - Describe how the knowledge of the percent...Ch. 3 - Tin (Sn) exists in Earths crust as SnO2. Calculate...Ch. 3 - For many years chloroform (CHCl3) was used as an...Ch. 3 - Cinnamic alcohol is used mainly in perfumery,...Ch. 3 - All of the substances listed here are fertilizers...Ch. 3 - The formula for rust can be represented by Fe2O3....Ch. 3 - Tin(II) fluoride (SnF2) is often added to...Ch. 3 - What are the empirical formulas of the compounds...Ch. 3 - What are the empirical formulas of the compounds...Ch. 3 - The anticaking agent added to Morton salt is...Ch. 3 - What does the word empirical in empirical formula...Ch. 3 - If we know the empirical formula of a compound,...Ch. 3 - The empirical formula of a compound is CH. If the...Ch. 3 - The molar mass of caffeine is 194.19 g. Is the...Ch. 3 - Peroxyacylnitrate (PAN) is one of the components...Ch. 3 - Allicin is the compound responsible for the...Ch. 3 - Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a food-flavor...Ch. 3 - Use the formation of water from hydrogen and...Ch. 3 - What is the difference between a chemical reaction...Ch. 3 - Why must a chemical equation be balanced? What law...Ch. 3 - Write the symbols used to represent gas, liquid,...Ch. 3 - Problems 3.57Balance the following equations using...Ch. 3 - Balance the following equations using the method...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.59QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.60QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.61QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.62QPCh. 3 - Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) in...Ch. 3 - Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) can be prepared by...Ch. 3 - Ammonia is a principal nitrogen fertilizer. It is...Ch. 3 - Certain race cars use methanol (CH3OH, also called...Ch. 3 - Calculate the mass in grams of iodine (I2) that...Ch. 3 - How many grams of sulfur (S) are needed to react...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.69QPCh. 3 - When baking soda (sodium bicarbonate or sodium...Ch. 3 - If chlorine bleach is mixed with other cleaning...Ch. 3 - Fermentation is a complex chemical process of wine...Ch. 3 - Each copper(II) sulfate unit is associated with...Ch. 3 - For many years the recovery of goldthat is, the...Ch. 3 - Limestone (CaCO3) is decomposed by heating to...Ch. 3 - Nitrous oxide (N2O) is also called laughing gas....Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.77QPCh. 3 - A common laboratory preparation of oxygen gas is...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.79QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.80QPCh. 3 - Consider the reaction 2A+BC (a)In the diagram here...Ch. 3 - Consider the reaction N2+3H22NH3 Assuming each...Ch. 3 - Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen gas to form...Ch. 3 - Ammonia and sulfuric acid react to form ammonium...Ch. 3 - Propane (C3H8) is a component of natural gas and...Ch. 3 - Consider the reaction MnO2+4HClMnCl2+Cl2+2H2O If...Ch. 3 - Why is the theoretical yield of a reaction...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.88QPCh. 3 - Hydrogen fluoride is used in the manufacture of...Ch. 3 - Nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) is a powerful explosive....Ch. 3 - Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) is a white substance...Ch. 3 - Ethylene (C2H4), an important industrial organic...Ch. 3 - When heated, lithium reacts with nitrogen to form...Ch. 3 - Disulfide dichloride (S2Cl2) is used in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.95QPCh. 3 - Rubidium is used in atomic clocks and other...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.97QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.98QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.99QPCh. 3 - Write balanced equations for the following...Ch. 3 - Industrially, nitric acid is produced by the...Ch. 3 - A sample of a compound of Cl and O reacts with an...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.103QPCh. 3 - A 26.2-g sample of oxalic acid hydrate (H2C2O4 ...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.105QPCh. 3 - How many moles of O are needed to combine with...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.107QPCh. 3 - The aluminum sulfate hydrate [Al2(SO4)3 xH2O]...Ch. 3 - The explosive nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) has also...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.110QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.111QPCh. 3 - A certain metal oxide has the formula MO, where M...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.113QPCh. 3 - One of the reactions that occurs in a blast...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.115QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.116QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.117QPCh. 3 - Analysis of a metal chloride XCl3 shows that it...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.119QPCh. 3 - Myoglobin stores oxygen for metabolic processes in...Ch. 3 - Calculate the number of cations and anions in each...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.122QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.123QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.124QPCh. 3 - Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid is synthesized by...Ch. 3 - Calculate the percent composition by mass of all...Ch. 3 - Lysine, an essential amino acid in the human body,...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.128QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.129QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.130QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.131QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.132QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.133QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.134QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.135QPCh. 3 - Platinum forms two different compounds with...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.137QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.138QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.139QPCh. 3 - A compound X contains 63.3 percent manganese (Mn)...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.141QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.142QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.143QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.144QPCh. 3 - A mixture of CuSO4 5H2O and MgSO4 7H2O is heated...Ch. 3 - When 0.273 g of Mg is heated strongly in a...Ch. 3 - A mixture of methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) of...Ch. 3 - Leaded gasoline contains an additive to prevent...Ch. 3 - Because of its detrimental effect on the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.150QPCh. 3 - A certain sample of coal contains 1.6 percent...Ch. 3 - Air is a mixture of many gases. However, in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.153QPCh. 3 - Octane (C8H18) is a component of gasoline....Ch. 3 - Industrially, hydrogen gas can be prepared by...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.157QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.158QPCh. 3 - Potash is any potassium mineral that is used for...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.161QPCh. 3 - A certain metal M forms a bromide containing 53.79...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.163QPCh. 3 - Prob. 3.165QPCh. 3 - Interpreting, Modeling Estimating 3.166While most...Ch. 3 - Without doing any detailed calculations, arrange...Ch. 3 - Consider the reaction 6Li(s)+N2(g)2Li3N(s) Without...Ch. 3 - Estimate how high in miles you can stack up an...Ch. 3 - The following is a crude but effective method for...
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