Problem 1E: The light produced by a red neon sign is due to the emission of light by excited neon atoms.... Problem 2E: An FM radio station found at 103.1 on the FM dial broadcasts at a frequency of 1.031188s1 (103.1... Problem 3E: FM-95, an FM radio station, broadcasts at a frequency of 9.51107s1 s (95.1 MHz). What is the... Problem 4E: A bright violet line occurs at 435.8 nm in the emission spectrum of mercury vapor. What amount of... Problem 5E: Light with a wavelength of 614.5 nm looks orange. What is the energy, in joules, per photon of this... Problem 6E: Heated lithium atoms emit photons of light with an energy of 2.9611019 J. Calculate the frequency... Problem 7E: A photon of light produced by a surgical laser has an energy of 3.0271019 J. Calculate the frequency... Problem 8E: When rubidium ions are heated to a high temperature, two lines are observed in its line spectrum at... Problem 9E: The emission spectrum of cesium contains two lines whose frequencies are (a) 3.451014 Hz and (b)... Problem 10E: Photons of infrared radiation are responsible for much of the warmth we feel when holding our hands... Problem 11E: One of the radiographic devices used in a dentist’s office emits an X-ray of wavelength 2.0901011 m.... Problem 12E: The eyes of certain reptiles pass a single visual signal to the brain when the visual receptors are... Problem 13E: RGB color television and computer displays use cathode ray tubes that produce colors by mixing red,... Problem 14E: Answer the following questions about a Blu-ray laser: (a) The laser on a Blu-ray player has a... Problem 15E: What is the threshold frequency for sodium metal if a photon with frequency 6.661014s1 ejects an... Problem 16E: Why is the electron in a Bohr hydrogen atom bound less tightly when it has a quantum number of 3... Problem 17E: What does it mean to say that the energy of the electrons in an atom is quantized? Problem 18E: Using the Bohr model, determine the energy, in joules, necessary to ionize a ground-state hydrogen... Problem 19E: The electron volt (eV) is a convenient unit of energy for expressing atomic-scale energies. It is... Problem 20E: Using the Bohr model, determine the lowest possible energy, in joules, for the electron in the Li2+... Problem 21E: Using the Bohr model, determine the lowest possible energy for the electron in the He+ ion. Problem 22E: Using the Bohr model, determine the energy of an electron with n=6 in a hydrogen atom. Problem 23E: Using the Bohr model, determine the energy of an electron with n=8 in a hydrogen atom. Problem 24E: How far from the nucleus in angstroms (1 angstrom =11010 m) is the electron in a hydrogen atom if it... Problem 25E: What is the radius, in angstroms, of the orbital of an electron with n = 8 in a hydrogen atom? Problem 26E: Using the Bohr model, determine the energy in joules of the photon produced when an electron in a... Problem 27E: Using the Bohr model, determine the energy in joules of the photon produced when an electron in a... Problem 28E: Consider a large number of hydrogen atoms with electrons randomly distributed in the n = 1, 2, 3,... Problem 29E: How are the Bohr model and the Rutherford model of the atom similar? How are they different? Problem 30E: The spectra of hydrogen and of calcium are shown here. What causes the lines in these spectra? Why... Problem 31E: How are the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model of the hydrogen atom similar? How are they... Problem 32E: What are the allowed values for each of the four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, and ms? Problem 33E: Describe the properties of an electron associated with each of the following four quantum numbers:... Problem 34E: Answer the following questions: (a) Without using quantum numbers, describe the differences between... Problem 35E: Identify the subshell in which electrons with the following quantum numbers are found: (a) n=2,l=1... Problem 36E: Which of the subshells described in the previous question contain degenerate orbitals? How many... Problem 37E: Identify the subshell in which electrons with the following quantum numbers are found: (a) n=3,l=2... Problem 38E: Which of the subshells described in the previous question contain degenerate orbitals? How many... Problem 39E: Sketch the boundary surface of a dx2y2 and a py orbital. Be sure to show and label the axes. Problem 40E: Sketch the px and dxz orbitals. Be sure to show and label the coordinates. Problem 41E: Consider the orbitals shown here in outline. (a) What is the maximum number of electrons contained... Problem 42E: State the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Describe briefly what the principle implies. Problem 43E: How many electrons could be held in the second shell of an atom if the spin quantum number ms could... Problem 44E: Which of the following equations describe particle-like behavior? Which describe wavelike behavior?... Problem 45E: Write a set of quantum numbers for each of the electrons with an n of 4 in a Se atom. Problem 46E: Read the labels of several commercial products and identify monatomic ions of at least four... Problem 47E: Read the labels of several commercial products and identify monatomic ions of at least six main... Problem 48E: Using complete subshell notation (not abbreviations, 1s22s22p6, and so forth), predict the electron... Problem 49E: Using complete subshell notation ( 1s22s22p6, and so forth), predict the electron configuration of... Problem 50E: Is 1s22s22p6 the symbol for a macroscopic property or a microscopic property of an element? Explain... Problem 51E: What additional information do we need to answer the question Which ion has the electron... Problem 52E: Draw the orbital diagram for the valence shell of each of the following atoms (a) C (b) P (c) V (d)... Problem 53E: Use an orbital diagram to describe the electron configuration of the valence shell of each of the... Problem 54E: Using complete subshell notation ( 1s22s22p6, and so forth), predict the electron configurations of... Problem 55E: Which atom has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d2? Problem 56E: Which atom has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2? Problem 57E: Which ion with a +1 charge has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6? Which ion with... Problem 58E: Which of the following atoms contains only three valence electrons: Li, B, N, F, Ne? Problem 59E: Which of the following has two unpaired electrons? (a) Mg (b) Si (c)S (d) Both Mg and S (e) Both Si... Problem 60E: Which atom would be expected to have a half-filled 6p subshell? Problem 61E: Which atom would be expected to have a half-filled 4s subshell? Problem 62E: In one area of Australia, the cattle did not thrive despite the presence of suitable forage. An... Problem 63E: Thallium was used as a poison in the Agatha Christie mystery story The Pale Horse. Thallium has two... Problem 64E: Write the electron configurations for the following atoms or ions: (a) B3+ (b) O (c) Cl3+ (d) Ca2+... Problem 65E: Cobalt60 and iodine131 are radioactive isotopes commonly used in nuclear medicine. How many protons,... Problem 66E: Write a set of quantum numbers for each of the electrons with an n of 3 in a Sc atom. Problem 67E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, predict which has the smallest atomic radius: Mg,... Problem 68E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, predict which has the largest atomic radius: Li, Rb,... Problem 69E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, predict which has the largest first ionization... Problem 70E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, predict which has the smallest first ionization... Problem 71E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, rank the following atoms in order of increasing... Problem 72E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, rank the following atoms in order of increasing... Problem 73E: Atoms of which group in the periodic table have a valence shell electron configuration of ns2np2? Problem 74E: Atoms of which group in the periodic table have a valence shell electron configuration of ns2? Problem 75E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, list the following atoms in order of increasing... Problem 76E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, list the following atoms in order of increasing... Problem 77E: Based on their positions in the periodic table, list the following ions in order of increasing... Problem 78E: List the following ions in order of increasing radius: Li+,Mg2+,Br,Te2. Problem 79E: Which atom and/or ion is (are) isoelectronic with Br+:Se2+,Se,As,Kr,Ga3+,Cl? Problem 80E: Which of the following atoms and ions is (are) isoelectronic with S2+:Si4+,Ar,As3+,Si,Al3+? Problem 81E: Compare both the numbers of protons and electrons present in each to rank the following ions in... Problem 82E: Of the five elements Al, Cl, I, Na, Rb, which has the most exothermic reaction? (E represents an... Problem 83E: Of the five elements Sn, Si, Sb, O, Te, which has the most endothermic reaction? (E represents an... Problem 84E: The ionic radii of the ions S2, Cl, and K+ are 184, 181, 138 pm respectively. Explain why these ions... Problem 85E: Which main group atom would be expected to have the lowest second ionization energy? Problem 86E: Explain why Al is a member of group 13 rather than group 3? Problem 87E: Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and then... Problem 88E: Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and then... Problem 89E: Using the periodic table, identify the lightest member of each of the following groups: (a) noble... Problem 90E: Using the periodic table, identify the heaviest member of each of the following groups: (a) alkali... Problem 91E: Use the periodic table to give the name and symbol for each of the following elements: (a) the noble... Problem 92E: Use the periodic table to give the name and symbol for each of the following elements: (a) the... Problem 93E: Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number... Problem 94E: Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number... Problem 95E: Using the periodic table, predict whether the following chlorides are ionic or covalent: KCl, NCl3,... Problem 96E: Using the periodic table, predict whether the following chlorides are ionic or covalent: SiCl4,... Problem 97E: For each of the following compounds, state whether it is ionic or covalent. If it is ionic, write... Problem 98E: For each of the following compounds, state whether it is ionic or covalent, and if it is ionic,... Problem 99E: For each of the following pairs of ions, write the symbol for the formula of the compound they will... Problem 100E: For each of the following pairs of ions, write the symbol for the formula of the compound they will... format_list_bulleted