Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323717271
Author: Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Reece
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 28.2, Problem 1CC
Why do some biologists describe the mitochondria of diplomonads and parabasalids as "highly reduced"?
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"The cases of Henrietta Lacks and the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment call attention to ethical violations in medical research, particularly involving underrepresented groups. Both instances raise important issues around informed consent, exploitation, and the responsibility of researchers. Biomedical ethics is grounded in principles like autonomy, beneficence, and justice. In both the Lacks case and the Tuskegee study, these principles were ignored. Henrietta Lacks’ cells were taken without her consent, and the men in the Tuskegee study were denied treatment without their knowledge. These failures in ethical oversight have caused lasting harm to the trust marginalized communities have in the medical system.
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are designed to ensure ethical standards in research by requiring informed consent and protecting participants from harm. However, in Lacks’ case and the Tuskegee study, no such protections were in place. These…
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"The story of Henrietta Lacks highlights critical issues in biomedical ethics, researcher responsibility, and the exploitation of marginalized communities.
Henrietta, an African American woman, had her cells taken without consent in 1951 during her treatment for cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins Hospital. These cells, known as HeLa cells, became pivotal in medical research, contributing to the development of vaccines and cancer treatments. However, Henrietta and her family were never informed or compensated for the use of her cells.
This violation of informed consent, a core principle of biomedical ethics, mirrors broader patterns of exploitation seen in historical medical studies, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, where African American men were used in experiments without their consent or proper treatment. These unethical practices were often justified by racist and paternalistic attitudes, perpetuating a deep mistrust in medical…
Chapter 28 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
Ch. 28.1 - Cite at least four examples of structural and...Ch. 28.1 - Summarize the role of endosymbiosis in eukaryotic...Ch. 28.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 28.2 - Why do some biologists describe the mitochondria...Ch. 28.2 - WHAT IF? DNA sequence data for a diplomonad, a...Ch. 28.3 - Explain why forams have such a well-preserved...Ch. 28.3 - WHAT IF? Would you expect the plastid DNA of...Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 28.3 - Prob. 4CCCh. 28.4 - Contrast red algae and brown algae.
Ch. 28.4 - Why is it accurate to say that Ulva is truly...Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 28.5 - Contrast the pseudopodia of amoebozoans and...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 28.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 28.6 - Justify the claim that photosynthetic protists are...Ch. 28.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 28.6 - WHAT IF? High water temperatures and pollution...Ch. 28.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS The bacterium Wolbachia is a...Ch. 28 - Describe similarities and differences between...Ch. 28 - What evidence indicates that the excavates form a...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.3CRCh. 28 - On what basis do systematists place plants in the...Ch. 28 - Describe a key feature for each of the main...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.6CRCh. 28 - Plastids that are Surrounded by more than two...Ch. 28 - Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to...Ch. 28 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 28 - According to the phylogeny presented in this...Ch. 28 - In a life cycle with alternation of generations,...Ch. 28 - Based on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 28.2,...Ch. 28 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 28 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Applying the If then logic of...Ch. 28 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS Organisms...Ch. 28 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This micrograph show's a...
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- Henrietta Lacks's cells have easily been the most important human cell line used in research in the last 70 years. HeLa cells have been sold by pharmaceutical and laboratory technology companies, creating millions or billions of dollars of revenue and have contributed to a huge host of medical advances including several vaccines. Their use has changed the course of medicine for the good. However, there was no informed consent from Henrietta or her family at the time the cells were taken. In fact, Dr. Gey, who took the original cell sample from Henrietta even initially lied and said they came from a woman named "Helen Lane." So clearly he knew that there was something unethical about his actions. Henrietta Lacks died from the aggressive cervical cancer that the cells were harvested from. She never knew how important her cells would become. Shockingly, her family was never informed about her contributions to science and medicine until the 1973, more than 20 years after the sample was…arrow_forwardNot use ai pleasearrow_forwardDraw a cell with 2n=4 chromosomes in anaphase II of meiosis. How is this different than anaphase of mitosis?arrow_forward
- In chickens comb shape is controlled by a pair of interacting unlinked gene loci each with two alleles, R,r and P,p. These genes interact in such a way to give four possible phenotypes, as follows: Walnut - requires one each of the dominant genes. Rose - requires a R and homozygous recessive for the p gene. Pea - requires a P and homozygous recessive for the r gene. Single - requires fully homozygous recessive. If two walnut comb chickens are mated and produce 1,000 offspring, and some of these 1,000 offspring are of the single combed variety. Please answer the following questions: a.___ How many of rose comb phenotype would you expect in the 1,000 offspring? A. 563, B. 438, C. 360, D. 188, E. 63 b.___ The evidence provided would result in the conclusion that the inheritance of comb form in chickens is a good example of a polygenic mode of inheritance. True OR False c.___ What would be the best way to describe the cross involved? 1. A true dihybrid cross…arrow_forwardMatch the following: A. Intron B. Enhancer sequence C. TATA box D. 5’ cap E. Exon F.Operator G. Poly-A tail sequence H. 3’UTR 1.___ part of mature mRNA that is instrumental in binding to the ribosome 2.___ part of the coding strand promoter region where the transcription initiation complex will form 3.___Sequence found in the upstream section of eukaryotic DNA, sometimes at very great distances that can result in the increase of the initiation and therefore transcription of genes.arrow_forwardMatch the following 1) ____Point mutation, 2)____Nonsense mutation, and 3) ____Silent mutation A. Mutations that result in an inappropriate stop codon and a polypeptide of improper length. B. These mutations alter the DNA sequence of nucleotides but does not result in any alteration to the polypeptide produced. C. This type of alteration of nucleic acid structure could be the result of an error in the proofreading performed by DNA polymerase. D. This type of polypeptide mutation results in one amino acid being altered but the length of the chain being the same.arrow_forward
- Match these: A.) Chargaff B.) Mendel C.) Griffith D.) Beadle E.) T.H. Morgan F.) Meselsen G.) Watson H) Crick I) Franklin 1.___Key 1950's investigations into the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule utilizing X-ray crystallography 2.___While investigating the organic molecules responsible for heredity this researcher used bacteria infecting viruses that had been manipulated to possess proteins and DNA with different radioactive labels. 3.___ While carrying out research with Drosophila melanogaster and the sex-linked characteristic of White eyes he and his coworkers were able to demonstrate the chromosomal theory of inheritance. 4.___While working with other researchers, using both Drosophila melanogaster and Neurospora crassa, was able to develop information supporting the one gene/one enzyme (protein) hypothesis 5.___While working in concert with a co-worker, utilizing cesium gradient centrifugationarrow_forwarda) Which of the following is not required for PCR? dNTPs bacterial plasmids carefully designed primers taq or other heat-resistant polymerases template DNA b) Sanger sequencing (aka the chain termination method) is a method for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a piece of DNA of interest requires use of special ddNTPs (dideoxy nucleotides) that have special fluorescent labels (dyes) attached to them and also lack a 3' hydroxyl requires fragments to be run through a tube containing a gel matrix where their fluorescent dyes are illuminated with a laser, which can be used to produce a chromatogram all of the above are true none of the above are true c) The technique that allows quick and efficient test-tube replication of DNA is: PCR Restriction enzyme analysis Dideoxy sequencing DNA gel electrophoresis Gene therapyarrow_forwarda) Use the figure below to answer the following question(s). The DNA profiles that follow represent four different individuals. Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding the results in the figure above? D is the child of A and C. D is the child of A and B. D is the child of B and C. A is the child of C and D. B is the child of A and C. b) A gel that matches the below picture could be created using which technologies in combination? microarray, PCR, gel electrophoresis vector cloning, dideoxy sequencing, gel electrophoresis STR analysis, dideoxy sequencing, gel electrophoresis PCR, dideoxy sequencing, STR analysis STR analysis, PCR, gel electorphoresisarrow_forward
- a) Microarrays must be preceded by a Southern blot compare gene expression levels across many different genes in two different cell lines rely on the polar nature of the DNA molecule to separate these molecules based on size require months to run are rarely used in modern biotechnology b) CRISPR is a powerful gene editing tool because the programmable enzyme (Cas9) can find an exact sequence and make a cut at a precise nucleotide it can be applied to all types of cells it has both genetic editing and epigenetic functions it is inexpensive All of these are correct c) This person came up with the idea to use heat-resistant polymerases from volcanic oceanic vents during thermocycling in PCR reactions and later won a Nobel prize for this idea. Barbara McClintock George Beadle Jacob Monod Kary Mullis Francis Crickarrow_forwarda) The word “cloning” refers to making copies of bacteria making cloned sheep or another eukaryotic organism copying a piece of DNA all of the above none of the above b) Which of these restriction enzymes will create a sticky end? an enzyme that has restriction site ATTA and cuts between the two T nucleotides an enzyme with restriction site AGTCAG and cuts between the T and C an enzyme with restriction site AATCGG and cuts between the A nucleotides. any non-palindromic nucleotide sequence used as a restriction site none of the above c) Which of the following do researchers not need to use during vector cloning? a plasmid containing selectable marker genes such as beta galactosidase or ampicillin resistance genes restriction enzymes DNA polymerase a growth medium with carefully selected ingredients that take advantage of selectable markers. None of the abovearrow_forwardTrue or Falso a) ____Ti plasmid cloning requires the use of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens to insert a recombinant gene into a target plant. b) ____Vitamin A deficiency is a serious disease that can cause blindness and death in children, but genetic engineering has created a novel food product called golden rice that is fortified with Vitamin A and is freely available for use in rice-dependent countries order to combat this deficiency.arrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY