THERMODYNAMICS-SI ED. EBOOK >I<
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781307573022
Author: CENGEL
Publisher: MCG/CREATE
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Textbook Question
Chapter 2.8, Problem 76P
What is acid rain? Why is it called a “rain”? How do the acids form in the atmosphere? What are the adverse effects of acid rain on the environment?
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Chapter 2 Solutions
THERMODYNAMICS-SI ED. EBOOK >I<
Ch. 2.8 - What is the difference between the macroscopic and...Ch. 2.8 - What is total energy? Identify the different forms...Ch. 2.8 - List the forms of energy that contribute to the...Ch. 2.8 - How are heat, internal energy, and thermal energy...Ch. 2.8 - What is mechanical energy? How does it differ from...Ch. 2.8 - Portable electric heaters are commonly used to...Ch. 2.8 - Natural gas, which is mostly methane CH4, is a...Ch. 2.8 - Consider the falling of a rock off a cliff into...Ch. 2.8 - Electric power is to be generated by installing a...Ch. 2.8 - The specific kinetic energy of a moving mass is...
Ch. 2.8 - Determine the specific kinetic energy of a mass...Ch. 2.8 - Calculate the total potential energy, in Btu, of...Ch. 2.8 - Determine the specific potential energy, in kJ/kg,...Ch. 2.8 - An object whose mass is 100 kg is located 20 m...Ch. 2.8 - A water jet that leaves a nozzle at 60 m/s at a...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an...Ch. 2.8 - At a certain location, wind is blowing steadily at...Ch. 2.8 - What is the caloric theory? When and why was it...Ch. 2.8 - In what forms can energy cross the boundaries of a...Ch. 2.8 - What is an adiabatic process? What is an adiabatic...Ch. 2.8 - When is the energy crossing the boundaries of a...Ch. 2.8 - Consider an automobile traveling at a constant...Ch. 2.8 - A room is heated by an iron that is left plugged...Ch. 2.8 - A room is heated as a result of solar radiation...Ch. 2.8 - A gas in a pistoncylinder device is compressed,...Ch. 2.8 - A small electrical motor produces 5 W of...Ch. 2.8 - A car is accelerated from rest to 85 km/h in 10 s....Ch. 2.8 - A construction crane lifts a prestressed concrete...Ch. 2.8 - Determine the torque applied to the shaft of a car...Ch. 2.8 - A spring whose spring constant is 200 lbf/in has...Ch. 2.8 - How much work, in kJ, can a spring whose spring...Ch. 2.8 - A ski lift has a one-way length of 1 km and a...Ch. 2.8 - The engine of a 1500-kg automobile has a power...Ch. 2.8 - A damaged 1200-kg car is being towed by a truck....Ch. 2.8 - As a spherical ammonia vapor bubble rises in...Ch. 2.8 - A steel rod of 0.5 cm diameter and 10 m length is...Ch. 2.8 - What are the different mechanisms for transferring...Ch. 2.8 - For a cycle, is the net work necessarily zero? For...Ch. 2.8 - On a hot summer day, a student turns his fan on...Ch. 2.8 - Water is being heated in a closed pan on top of a...Ch. 2.8 - An adiabatic closed system is accelerated from 0...Ch. 2.8 - A fan is to accelerate quiescent air to a velocity...Ch. 2.8 - A vertical pistoncylinder device contains water...Ch. 2.8 - At winter design conditions, a house is projected...Ch. 2.8 - A water pump increases the water pressure from 15...Ch. 2.8 - The lighting needs of a storage room are being met...Ch. 2.8 - A university campus has 200 classrooms and 400...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a room that is initially at the outdoor...Ch. 2.8 - An escalator in a shopping center is designed to...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a 2100-kg car cruising at constant speed...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 51PCh. 2.8 - What is mechanical efficiency? What does a...Ch. 2.8 - How is the combined pumpmotor efficiency of a pump...Ch. 2.8 - Can the combined turbinegenerator efficiency be...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a 2.4-kW hooded electric open burner in...Ch. 2.8 - The steam requirements of a manufacturing facility...Ch. 2.8 - Reconsider Prob. 256E. Using appropriate software,...Ch. 2.8 - A 75-hp (shaft output) motor that has an...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 59PCh. 2.8 - An exercise room has six weight-lifting machines...Ch. 2.8 - A room is cooled by circulating chilled water...Ch. 2.8 - The water in a large lake is to be used to...Ch. 2.8 - A 7-hp (shaft) pump is used to raise water to an...Ch. 2.8 - A geothermal pump is used to pump brine whose...Ch. 2.8 - At a certain location, wind is blowing steadily at...Ch. 2.8 - Reconsider Prob. 265. Using appropriate software,...Ch. 2.8 - Water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a higher...Ch. 2.8 - An 80-percent-efficient pump with a power input of...Ch. 2.8 - Water is pumped from a lake to a storage tank 15 m...Ch. 2.8 - Large wind turbines with a power capacity of 8 MW...Ch. 2.8 - A hydraulic turbine has 85 m of elevation...Ch. 2.8 - The water behind Hoover Dam in Nevada is 206 m...Ch. 2.8 - An oil pump is drawing 44 kW of electric power...Ch. 2.8 - A wind turbine is rotating at 15 rpm under steady...Ch. 2.8 - How does energy conversion affect the environment?...Ch. 2.8 - What is acid rain? Why is it called a rain? How do...Ch. 2.8 - Why is carbon monoxide a dangerous air pollutant?...Ch. 2.8 - What is the greenhouse effect? How does the excess...Ch. 2.8 - What is smog? What does it consist of? How does...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a household that uses 14,000 kWh of...Ch. 2.8 - When a hydrocarbon fuel is burned, almost all of...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 82PCh. 2.8 - A typical car driven 20,000 km a year emits to the...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 84PCh. 2.8 - What are the mechanisms of heat transfer?Ch. 2.8 - Which is a better heat conductor, diamond or...Ch. 2.8 - How does forced convection differ from natural...Ch. 2.8 - What is a blackbody? How do real bodies differ...Ch. 2.8 - Define emissivity and absorptivity. What is...Ch. 2.8 - Does any of the energy of the sun reach the earth...Ch. 2.8 - The inner and outer surfaces of a 5-m 6-m brick...Ch. 2.8 - The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5-cm-thick 2-m...Ch. 2.8 - Reconsider Prob. 292. Using appropriate software,...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 94PCh. 2.8 - Prob. 95PCh. 2.8 - Prob. 96PCh. 2.8 - Prob. 97PCh. 2.8 - For heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 99PCh. 2.8 - Prob. 100PCh. 2.8 - A 1000-W iron is left on the ironing board with...Ch. 2.8 - A 7-cm-external-diameter, 18-m-long hot-water pipe...Ch. 2.8 - A thin metal plate is insulated on the back and...Ch. 2.8 - Reconsider Prob. 2103. Using appropriate software,...Ch. 2.8 - The outer surface of a spacecraft in space has an...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 106PCh. 2.8 - A hollow spherical iron container whose outer...Ch. 2.8 - Some engineers have developed a device that...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a classroom for 55 students and one...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a homeowner who is replacing his...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 111RPCh. 2.8 - The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that...Ch. 2.8 - A typical household pays about 1200 a year on...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 114RPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 115RPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 116RPCh. 2.8 - Consider a TV set that consumes 120 W of electric...Ch. 2.8 - Water is pumped from a 200-ft-deep well into a...Ch. 2.8 - Consider a vertical elevator whose cabin has a...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 120RPCh. 2.8 - In a hydroelectric power plant, 65 m3/s of water...Ch. 2.8 - The demand for electric power is usually much...Ch. 2.8 - The pump of a water distribution system is powered...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 124RPCh. 2.8 - A 2-kW electric resistance heater in a room is...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 126FEPCh. 2.8 - A 75-hp compressor in a facility that operates at...Ch. 2.8 - On a hot summer day, the air in a well-sealed room...Ch. 2.8 - A fan is to accelerate quiescent air to a velocity...Ch. 2.8 - A 900-kg car cruising at a constant speed of 60...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 131FEPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 132FEPCh. 2.8 - A 2-kW pump is used to pump kerosene ( = 0.820...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 134FEPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 135FEPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 136FEPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 137FEPCh. 2.8 - Heat is transferred steadily through a...Ch. 2.8 - The roof of an electrically heated house is 7 m...
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- The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained constant by the use of steam coils within the dryer. The product enters the dryer at the rate of one metric ton per hour. The initial moisture content is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be dried to moisture content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg of dry solid. Air enters the dryer with a humidity ratio of 0.016 kg moisture per kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity of 100% while the temperature remains constant at 60°C. If the total pressure of the air is 101.325 kPaa, determine the vapor pressure at heater inlet in psia.arrow_forwardThe temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained constant by the use of steam coils within the dryer. The product enters the dryer at the rate of one metric ton per hour. The initial moisture content is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be dried to moisture content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg of dry solid. Air enters the dryer with a humidity ratio of 0.016 kg moisture per kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity of 100% while the temperature remains constant at 60°C. If the total pressure of the air is 101.325 kPaa, determine the specific enthalpy at dryer outlet in kJ/kg.arrow_forwardA product having a moisture content of 70% (wet basis) is dried in a tunnel-type dryer at a rate of 30 kg/hour. Drying air is supplied at a rate of 1000 kg air/hr at 60 °C and 5% RH, and exits the dryer at 25 °C, and the product is in equilibrium with the product at 40% RH. Determine the moisture content of the product coming out of the dryer, as well as the activity of the product water. a. Product moisture content = Answer % (wet basis). b. Water activity = arrow_forward
- Air enters a cooling tower at a rate of 1100 cubic meters per minute, at 15°C and 65% relative humidity. Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Water enters the tower at 38°C and leaves at 17°C. Air leaves the tower at 31°C and saturated. Using a psychrometric chart calculate the absolute humidity of the air leaving the cooling tower. 0.029 kg water vapour/kg air 0.069 kg water vapour/kg air O 0.0101 kg water vapour/kg air 0.364 kg water vapour/kg airarrow_forwardA cooling duct receives air at 1 atm, 32°C, and 70% relative humidity with a velocity of 120m/min. This air passes over cooling coils filled with flowing water. This steadily flowing water experiences a for temperature rise during its time in the cooling duct coils. Meanwhile, the airflow leaves the cooling section saturated at 20°C. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer, (b) the mass flow rate of the cooling water, (c) the flow rate of any condensate formed, and (d) the exit velocity of the air stream. Assume the cooling water has constant specific heat. Feel free to use the psychrometric chart on the next page for the air properties.arrow_forwardA product having a moisture content of 60% (wet basis) is dried in a tunnel-type dryer at a rate of 20 kg / hr. The drying air is supplied at a rate of 9000 kg air / hour at 50 ° C and 10% RH, and the dryer exits at 25 ° C, and conditions of equilibrium with the product are at 40% RH. Determine the moisture content of the product leaving the dryer, as well as the water activity of the product. a. Product moisture content =% (wet basis). b. Water activity =arrow_forward
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- Determine whether the % moisture of 1.5 mpa & 0.04159 m3/kg is equal to 17.47 percent.arrow_forwardA water droplet having a diameter of 0.10 mm is suspended in still air at 320K, 101 kPa, and 20% relative humidity. DAB = 0.220 cm2/s(a) Calculate the initial rate of evaporation of water(b) Determine the time for the water droplet to evaporate completely.arrow_forwardPropane and methane are commonly used for heating in winter, and the leakage of these fuels, even for short periods, poses a fire danger for residential application. Which gas leakage do you think poses a greater risk for fire? State the reason.arrow_forward
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