Elements Of Modern Algebra
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781285463230
Author: Gilbert, Linda, Jimmie
Publisher: Cengage Learning,
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Chapter 2.8, Problem 4E
To determine
The decipher message in
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Chapter 2 Solutions
Elements Of Modern Algebra
Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 6TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 7TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 9TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 10TFE
Ch. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises 111 hold...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 4ECh. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises hold for...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises hold for...Ch. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises hold for...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 10ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 11ECh. 2.1 - Let A be a set of integers closed under...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.1 - In Exercises , prove the statements concerning the...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 15ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.1 - In Exercises , prove the statements concerning the...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises , prove the statements concerning the...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises 13-24, prove the statements...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises 1324, prove the statements concerning...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.1 - 25. Prove that if and are integers and, then...Ch. 2.1 - Prove that the cancellation law for multiplication...Ch. 2.1 - Let x and y be in Z, not both zero, then x2+y2Z+.Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 28ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 30ECh. 2.1 - 31. Prove that if is positive and is negative,...Ch. 2.1 - 32. Prove that if is positive and is positive,...Ch. 2.1 - 33. Prove that if is positive and is negative,...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises are true...Ch. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises are true...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises are true...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 5ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 8ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 9ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 10ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 11ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 12ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 15ECh. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises 116 are...Ch. 2.2 - 17. Use mathematical induction to prove that the...Ch. 2.2 - Let be integers, and let be positive integers....Ch. 2.2 - Let xandy be integers, and let mandn be positive...Ch. 2.2 - Let xandy be integers, and let mandn be positive...Ch. 2.2 - Let x and y be integers, and let m and n be...Ch. 2.2 - Let x and y be integers, and let m and n be...Ch. 2.2 - Let and be integers, and let and be positive...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 26ECh. 2.2 - Use the equation (nr1)+(nr)=(n+1r) for 1rn. And...Ch. 2.2 - Use the equation. (nr1)+(nr)=(n+1r) for 1rn....Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 30ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 31ECh. 2.2 - In Exercise use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.2 - In Exercise 3236 use mathematical induction to...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 36ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 37ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 38ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 39ECh. 2.2 - Exercise can be generalized as follows: If and...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 41ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 42ECh. 2.2 - In Exercise , use generalized induction to prove...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 44ECh. 2.2 - In Exercise 4145, use generalized induction to...Ch. 2.2 - Use generalized induction and Exercise 43 to prove...Ch. 2.2 - Use generalized induction and Exercise 43 to prove...Ch. 2.2 - Assume the statement from Exercise 30 in section...Ch. 2.2 - Show that if the statement
is assumed to be true...Ch. 2.2 - Show that if the statement 1+2+3+...+n=n(n+1)2+2...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence a1=1,a2=4,...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence a1=0,a2=30,...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence , and , use...Ch. 2.2 - The Fibonacci sequence fn=1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,... is...Ch. 2.2 - Let f1,f2,...,fn be permutations on a nonempty set...Ch. 2.2 - Define powers of a permutation on by the...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 7TFECh. 2.3 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 10TFECh. 2.3 - Prob. 1ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the q and...Ch. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the q and...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 8ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 9ECh. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and ...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and ...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and ...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and...Ch. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - 17. If a,b and c are integers such that ab and ac,...Ch. 2.3 - Let R be the relation defined on the set of...Ch. 2.3 - 19. If and are integers with and . Prove that...Ch. 2.3 - Let a,b,c and d be integers such that ab and cd....Ch. 2.3 - Prove that if and are integers such that and ,...Ch. 2.3 - Prove that if and are integers such that and ,...Ch. 2.3 - Let a and b be integers such that ab and ba. Prove...Ch. 2.3 - Let , and be integers . Prove or disprove that ...Ch. 2.3 - Let ,, and be integers. Prove or disprove that ...Ch. 2.3 - 26. Let be an integer. Prove that . (Hint:...Ch. 2.3 - Let a be an integer. Prove that 3|a(a+1)(a+2)....Ch. 2.3 - Let a be an odd integer. Prove that 8|(a21).Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.3 - Let be as described in the proof of Theorem. Give...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 31ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 32ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 33ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 36ECh. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 38ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 39ECh. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 42ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 43ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 44ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 45ECh. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 47ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 48ECh. 2.3 - 49. a. The binomial coefficients are defined in...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.4 - Prob. 9TFECh. 2.4 - Prob. 10TFECh. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - List all the primes lessthan 100.Ch. 2.4 - For each of the following pairs, write andin...Ch. 2.4 - In each part, find the greatest common divisor...Ch. 2.4 - Find the smallest integer in the given set.
{ and ...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if p and q are distinct primes, then...Ch. 2.4 - Show that n2n+5 is a prime integer when n=1,2,3,4...Ch. 2.4 - If a0 and ab, then prove or disprove that (a,b)=a.Ch. 2.4 - If , prove .
Ch. 2.4 - Let , and be integers such that . Prove that if ,...Ch. 2.4 - Let be a nonzero integer and a positive integer....Ch. 2.4 - Let ac and bc, and (a,b)=1, prove that ab divides...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if , , and , then .
Ch. 2.4 - Let and . Prove or disprove that .
Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.4 - Let r0=b0. With the notation used in the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.4 - Prob. 17ECh. 2.4 - Prob. 18ECh. 2.4 - Prove that if n is a positive integer greater than...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.4 - Let (a,b)=1 and (a,c)=1. Prove or disprove that...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.4 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.4 - Let (a,b)=1. Prove that (a,bn)=1 for all positive...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if m0 and (a,b) exists, then...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if d=(a,b), a=a0d, and b=b0d, then...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that the least common multiple of two...Ch. 2.4 - Let and be positive integers. If and is the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.4 - Let , and be three nonzero integers.
Use...Ch. 2.4 - Find the greatest common divisor of a,b, and c and...Ch. 2.4 - Use the second principle of Finite Induction to...Ch. 2.4 - Use the fact that 3 is a prime to prove that there...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.4 - Prove that 23 is not a rational number.Ch. 2.5 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.5 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - In this exercise set, all variables are...Ch. 2.5 - In this exercise set, all variables are...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 12ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - 25. Complete the proof of Theorem : If and is...Ch. 2.5 - Complete the proof of Theorem 2.24: If ab(modn)...Ch. 2.5 - Prove that if a+xa+y(modn), then xy(modn).Ch. 2.5 - 28. If and where , prove that .
Ch. 2.5 - 29. Find the least positive integer that is...Ch. 2.5 - 30. Prove that any positive integer is congruent...Ch. 2.5 - 31. If , prove that for every positive integer .
Ch. 2.5 - 32. Prove that if is an integer, then either or...Ch. 2.5 - Prove or disprove that if n is odd, then...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 36ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 37ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 38ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 39ECh. 2.5 - In the congruences axb(modn) in Exercises 4053, a...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences axb(modn) in Exercises 4053, a...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 45ECh. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 47ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 48ECh. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences ax b (mod n) in Exercises...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences axb(modn) in Exercises 4053, a...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 53ECh. 2.5 - 54. Let be a prime integer. Prove Fermat's Little...Ch. 2.5 - 55. Prove the Chinese Remainder Theorem: Let , , ....Ch. 2.5 - 56. Solve the following systems of congruences.
...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 57ECh. 2.5 - a. Prove that 10n(1)n(mod11) for every positive...Ch. 2.6 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.6 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 3TFECh. 2.6 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.6 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 6TFECh. 2.6 - Prob. 7TFECh. 2.6 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.6 - Prob. 1ECh. 2.6 - a. Verify that [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ]=[ 4 ] in 5. b....Ch. 2.6 - Make addition tables for each of the following....Ch. 2.6 - Make multiplication tables for each of the...Ch. 2.6 - Find the multiplicative inverse of each given...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.6 - Find all zero divisors in each of the following n....Ch. 2.6 - Whenever possible, find a solution for each of the...Ch. 2.6 - Let [ a ] be an element of n that has a...Ch. 2.6 - Solve each of the following equations by finding [...Ch. 2.6 - In Exercise, Solve the systems of equations in.
...Ch. 2.6 - In Exercise, Solve the systems of equations...Ch. 2.6 - In Exercise 1114, Solve the systems of equations...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.6 - Prove Theorem.
Theorem 2.30 Multiplication...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 17ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 18ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 19ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.6 - Prove that a nonzero element in is a zero divisor...Ch. 2.7 - True or False
Label each of the following...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 2TFECh. 2.7 - Prob. 3TFECh. 2.7 - Prob. 4TFECh. 2.7 - Suppose 4- bit words abcd are mapped onto 5- bit...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 4ECh. 2.7 - Suppose a codding scheme is devised that maps -bit...Ch. 2.7 - Suppose the probability of erroneously...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.7 - Suppose the probability of incorrectly...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 9ECh. 2.7 - Is the identification number 11257402 correct if...Ch. 2.7 - Show that the check digit in bank identification...Ch. 2.7 - Suppose that the check digit is computed as...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.7 - Verify that the check digit in a UPC symbol...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 17ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 18ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 19ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 26ECh. 2.8 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 2TFECh. 2.8 - Prob. 3TFECh. 2.8 - In the -letter alphabet A described in Example,...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 4ECh. 2.8 - In the -letter alphabet described in Example, use...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.8 - Use the alphabet C from the preceding problem and...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in a long ciphertext message the...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in a long ciphertext message the...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose the alphabet consists of a through z, in...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose the alphabet consists of a through, in...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.8 - a. Excluding the identity cipher, how many...Ch. 2.8 - Rework Example 5 by breaking the message into...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem,...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem,...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem....Ch. 2.8 -
Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem....Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 26E
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- In the -letter alphabet described in Example, use the affine cipher with keyto encipher the following message. all systems go What is the inverse mapping that will decipher the ciphertext? Example 2 Translation Cipher Associate the letters of the "alphabet" with the integers. Let and define the mapping by where is the key, the number of positions from the plaintext to the ciphertext. If our alphabet consists of through, in natural order, followed by a blank, then we have "letters" that we associate with the integers as follows:arrow_forwardSuppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem, the public key is. Encrypt the message "pay me later” using two-digit blocks and the -letter alphabet from Example 2. What is the secret key? Example 2 Translation Cipher Associate the letters of the "alphabet" with the integers. Let and define the mapping by where is the key, the number of positions from the plaintext to the ciphertext. If our alphabet consists of through, in natural order, followed by a blank, then we have "letters" that we associate with the integers as follows:arrow_forwardSuppose that the check digit is computed as described in Example . Prove that transposition errors of adjacent digits will not be detected unless one of the digits is the check digit. Example Using Check Digits Many companies use check digits for security purposes or for error detection. For example, an the digit may be appended to a -bit identification number to obtain the -digit invoice number of the form where the th bit, , is the check digit, computed as . If congruence modulo is used, then the check digit for an identification number . Thus the complete correct invoice number would appear as . If the invoice number were used instead and checked, an error would be detected, since .arrow_forward
- Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem, the public key is e=13,m=77. Encrypt the message "go for it" using two-digit blocks and the 27-letter alphabet A from Example 2. What is the secret key d? Example 2 Translation Cipher Associate the n letters of the "alphabet" with the integers 0,1,2,3.....n1. Let A={ 0,1,2,3.....n-1 } and define the mapping f:AA by f(x)=x+kmodn where k is the key, the number of positions from the plaintext to the ciphertext. If our alphabet consists of a through z, in natural order, followed by a blank, then we have 27 "letters" that we associate with the integers 0,1,2,...,26 as follows: Alphabet:abcdef...vwxyzblankA:012345212223242526arrow_forwardUse the alphabet C from the preceding problem and the affine cipher with key a=11andb=7 to decipher the message RRROAWFPHPWSUHIFOAQXZC:Q.ZIFLW/O:NXM and state the inverse mapping that deciphers this ciphertext. Exercise 7: Suppose the alphabet consists of a through z, in natural order, followed by a colon, a period, and then a forward slash. Associate these "letters" with the numbers 0,1,2,...,28, respectively, thus forming a 29-letter alphabet, C. Use the affine cipher with key a=3andb=22 to decipher the message OVVJNTTBBBQ/FDLWLFQ/GATYST and state the inverse mapping that deciphers this ciphertext.arrow_forwardSuppose the alphabet consists of a through z, in natural order, followed by a blank and then the digits 0 through 9, in natural order. Associate these "letters" with the numbers 0,1,2,...,36, respectively, thus forming a 37-letter alphabet, D. Use the affine cipher to decipher the message X01916R916546M9CN1L6B1LL6X0RZ6UII if you know that the plaintext message begins with "t" followed by "h". Write out the affine mapping f and its inverse.arrow_forward
- Use the RSA cipher with public key (n, e) = (713, 43) to encrypt the word "TEE." Start by encoding the letters of the word "TEE" into their numeric equivalents. Assume the letters of the alphabet are encoded as follows: A = 01, 8 = 02, C = 03, ..., Z = 26. Since the code for T is 20 and since e = 43 = 32 + 8 + 2 + 1, the first letter of the encrypted message is found by computing 2043 mod 713. 20¹a (mod 713) 20² Eb (mod 713) 204 c (mod 713) 208 d (mod 713) 2032 = f (mod 713) 2016 e (mod 713) b = The result is that a = C = d = e = and f = Thus, 2043 mod 713 = (a · b. d. f) mod 713 = So the first number in the encrypted message is Repeat these computations for each letter to find the complete encrypted message and enter your answer below. (Enter the message as a sequence of integer triples separated by a single space, where each triple is written using a fixed number of digits: 001 for 1, 002 for 2, ..., 099 for 99.)arrow_forwardDecrypt the message "XMJQYJWNSUQFHJ" which was encrypted with a Caesar cipher with a shift of 5 (A to F). Give your response in all caps with no spaces.arrow_forwardB- What is the multiplicative inverse of x¹5 in Z₂[x] (mod x¹ + x + 1)? 15 Q4/A Describe the three steps in imal cryptosystems. Encrypt the message m-5arrow_forward
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