Chapter 28, Problem 23P

(a)

To determine

The full electron configuration in the ground state for elements with $Z$ equal to $27$

Answer to Problem 23P

Fill in accordance with the periodic table: ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{7}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}$

Explanation of Solution

Given info: Atomic number, $\text{Z=27}$

Formula used:

Arrangement or structure of electrons in the energy levels in the region of an atomic nucleus is known as Electronic structure or electronic configuration. In electronic configuration, $\text{spdf}$ demotes to the shape of any orbital. The $\text{spdf}$ notation employs numbers to designate principal shell and also, letters $\left(s,p,d,f\right)$ to categorize a sub shell. In $\text{spdf}$ notation, subscript indicates the numeral of electrons in a designated sub shell.

Calculation:

If $l$ is an angular quantum number of sub shell then max electrons it can hold: $\text{N=}2\left(2l+1\right)$

Thus, in $\text{spdf}$ maximum electrons are $\text{2,}\text{6,}\text{10,}\text{14 }$ respectively.

Now, start with hydrogen and fill the levels as indicated in the periodic table:

  ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{7}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}$

Understand that ${\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}$ level is filled before the $\text{3d}$ level is started.

(b)

To determine

The full electron configuration in the ground state for elements with $Z$ equal to $36$

Answer to Problem 23P

Fill in accordance with the periodic table: ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}$

Explanation of Solution

Given info: Atomic number, $\text{Z=36}$

Formula used:

Arrangement or structure of electrons in the energy levels in the region of an atomic nucleus is known as Electronic structure or electronic configuration. In electronic configuration, $\text{spdf}$ demotes to the shape of any orbital. The $\text{spdf}$ notation employs numbers to designate principal shell and also, letters $\left(s,p,d,f\right)$ to categorize a sub shell. In $\text{spdf}$ notation, subscript indicates the numeral of electrons in a designated sub shell.

Calculation:

If $l$ is an angular quantum number of sub shell then max electrons it can hold: $\text{N=}2\left(2l+1\right)$

In, $\text{spdf}$ maximum electrons are $\text{2,}\text{6,}\text{10,}\text{14 }$ respectively.

For $\text{Z=36}$ , electronic configuration is

  ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}$

(c)

To determine

The full electron configuration in the ground state for elements with $Z$ equal to $38$

Answer to Problem 23P

Fill in accordance with the periodic table: ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}$

Explanation of Solution

Given info: Atomic number, $\text{Z=38}$

Formula used:

Arrangement or structure of electrons in the energy levels in the region of an atomic nucleus is known as Electronic structure or electronic configuration. In electronic configuration, $\text{spdf}$ demotes to the shape of any orbital. The $\text{spdf}$ notation employs numbers to designate principal shell and also, letters $\left(s,p,d,f\right)$ to categorize a sub shell. In $\text{spdf}$ notation, subscript indicates the numeral of electrons in a designated sub shell.

Calculation:

If $l$ is an angular quantum number of sub shell then max electrons it can hold: $\text{N=}2\left(2l+1\right)$

Thus, in $\text{spdf}$ maximum electrons are $\text{2,}\text{6,}\text{10,}\text{14 }$ respectively.

For $\text{Z=38}$ ,

  ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}$

Understand that ${\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}$ level is filled before the $\text{4d}$ level is started.