The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90% Introduction: Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90%

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

10% expression of [IPTG] also represents 90% repression of. [IPTG] Hence, 10% of the repressor will show binding to the inducer, while remaining 90% of the repressor will be available for binding to the operator.

To calculate the range of 10% expression level of, the [IPTG] following formula is used with reference to equation 5-8.

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.1Kd=10−4 M0.1=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

0.9[IPTG]=10−5[IPTG]=1.1×10−5M

To calculate the range of 90% expression level of [IPTG], Y=0.9

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.9Kd=10−4 M0.9=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

[IPTG]=9×10−4M

The range of expression of proteins of lac operon varies from 10-fold over the 10-fold expression of [IPTG] range.

Conclusion

The range of IPTG expression level varies from 10-90% or varies 10 folds.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe: The level of lac operon proteins present in E. coli cell before, during, and after IPTG induction.

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction, and the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby, decreasing the expression of lac proteins. The lac proteins will increase during induction, and it decreases before and after the induction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The lac operon lacks both the characteristics: A. that is either fully on or fully off, B. both states are stable.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in the shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Lac operon has multiple expression levels, other than the on or off condition, as condition A is defined by only two states that are fully on or fully off, it is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon expression depends on the binding of inducer molecule, as the removal of inducer decreases the expression of lac operon. Condition B is defined by “both states are stable” is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon shows different expressions thus it cannot be fully on or fully off. It is also not present in stable condition as its expression depends on inducer molecule.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The proteins that are present and which promoter is being expressed for the states GFP-on and GFP-off

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 represents the Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-ff)

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

Fig. 1: Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-off )

Explanation:

GFP-on: The rep^ts gene expresses the rep^ts protein in high level which represses the expression of OP_λ, and GFP are expressed at high level during GFP-on state.

GFP-off: high level expression of Lac I represses the expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP.

In GFP-on state rep^ts and GFP proteins are present, and in GFP-off state Lac I protein is present.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which IPTG would toggle the system

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Presence of LacI protein enables the system for induction of IPTG, thus it induces the expression only in GFP-off state, and the induction is followed by expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP. Thus, IPTG toggle the system from GFP-off to GFP-on.

The state from which IPTG would toggle the system is from GFP-off to GFP-on.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which treatment with heat (42°C) would toggle the system.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Heat affects the system only in presence of rep^ts, which is expressed only in GFP-on state. The rep^ts which is inactivated due to heat exposure results in OP_λ repression followed by the expression of lac I repressor which represses the GFP expression. Hence, heat toggles the system from GFP-on to GFP-off.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that plasmid has characteristics A and B.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Plasmid system has two states of expression. In intermediate state, the system is not stable hence the plasmid follows the condition A which defines the only on and off condition.

Plasmid remains in a single state even after the removal of repressor from binding site, and as condition B defines that both the states are stable, it is followed by the plasmid.

Plasmid has characteristics A and B as it has only two states of expression, and it is stable in both states.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The characteristic of system A that demonstrates GFP expression level in individual cells at [IPTG]=X , at high level or low level of GFP, when no cells showed an intermediate level, and also to determine the cause of bimodal distribution of expression levels at [IPTG]=X

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the protein synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Characters of system A is defined by only on or only off state, at intermediate concentration of inducer X. In the system, some cells are GFP-on and some are GFP-off, hence they define the system A.

As the cell population have both type GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system, the expression level of [IPTG]=X shows the bimodal distribution.

The cells’ population contains only GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system. It defines the condition A. As two types of expression are there in the system, it shows bimodal distribution of expression level of [IPTG]=X .

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90%

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

10% expression of [IPTG] also represents 90% repression of. [IPTG] Hence, 10% of the repressor will show binding to the inducer, while remaining 90% of the repressor will be available for binding to the operator.

To calculate the range of 10% expression level of, the [IPTG] following formula is used with reference to equation 5-8.

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.1Kd=10−4 M0.1=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

0.9[IPTG]=10−5[IPTG]=1.1×10−5M

To calculate the range of 90% expression level of [IPTG], Y=0.9

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.9Kd=10−4 M0.9=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

[IPTG]=9×10−4M

The range of expression of proteins of lac operon varies from 10-fold over the 10-fold expression of [IPTG] range.

Conclusion

The range of IPTG expression level varies from 10-90% or varies 10 folds.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe: The level of lac operon proteins present in E. coli cell before, during, and after IPTG induction.

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction, and the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby, decreasing the expression of lac proteins. The lac proteins will increase during induction, and it decreases before and after the induction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The lac operon lacks both the characteristics: A. that is either fully on or fully off, B. both states are stable.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in the shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Lac operon has multiple expression levels, other than the on or off condition, as condition A is defined by only two states that are fully on or fully off, it is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon expression depends on the binding of inducer molecule, as the removal of inducer decreases the expression of lac operon. Condition B is defined by “both states are stable” is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon shows different expressions thus it cannot be fully on or fully off. It is also not present in stable condition as its expression depends on inducer molecule.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The proteins that are present and which promoter is being expressed for the states GFP-on and GFP-off

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 represents the Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-ff)

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

Fig. 1: Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-off )

Explanation:

GFP-on: The rep^ts gene expresses the rep^ts protein in high level which represses the expression of OP_λ, and GFP are expressed at high level during GFP-on state.

GFP-off: high level expression of Lac I represses the expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP.

In GFP-on state rep^ts and GFP proteins are present, and in GFP-off state Lac I protein is present.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which IPTG would toggle the system

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Presence of LacI protein enables the system for induction of IPTG, thus it induces the expression only in GFP-off state, and the induction is followed by expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP. Thus, IPTG toggle the system from GFP-off to GFP-on.

The state from which IPTG would toggle the system is from GFP-off to GFP-on.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which treatment with heat (42°C) would toggle the system.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Heat affects the system only in presence of rep^ts, which is expressed only in GFP-on state. The rep^ts which is inactivated due to heat exposure results in OP_λ repression followed by the expression of lac I repressor which represses the GFP expression. Hence, heat toggles the system from GFP-on to GFP-off.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that plasmid has characteristics A and B.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Plasmid system has two states of expression. In intermediate state, the system is not stable hence the plasmid follows the condition A which defines the only on and off condition.

Plasmid remains in a single state even after the removal of repressor from binding site, and as condition B defines that both the states are stable, it is followed by the plasmid.

Plasmid has characteristics A and B as it has only two states of expression, and it is stable in both states.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The characteristic of system A that demonstrates GFP expression level in individual cells at [IPTG]=X , at high level or low level of GFP, when no cells showed an intermediate level, and also to determine the cause of bimodal distribution of expression levels at [IPTG]=X

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the protein synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Characters of system A is defined by only on or only off state, at intermediate concentration of inducer X. In the system, some cells are GFP-on and some are GFP-off, hence they define the system A.

As the cell population have both type GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system, the expression level of [IPTG]=X shows the bimodal distribution.

The cells’ population contains only GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system. It defines the condition A. As two types of expression are there in the system, it shows bimodal distribution of expression level of [IPTG]=X .

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90%

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

10% expression of [IPTG] also represents 90% repression of. [IPTG] Hence, 10% of the repressor will show binding to the inducer, while remaining 90% of the repressor will be available for binding to the operator.

To calculate the range of 10% expression level of, the [IPTG] following formula is used with reference to equation 5-8.

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.1Kd=10−4 M0.1=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

0.9[IPTG]=10−5[IPTG]=1.1×10−5M

To calculate the range of 90% expression level of [IPTG], Y=0.9

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.9Kd=10−4 M0.9=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

[IPTG]=9×10−4M

The range of expression of proteins of lac operon varies from 10-fold over the 10-fold expression of [IPTG] range.

Conclusion

The range of IPTG expression level varies from 10-90% or varies 10 folds.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe: The level of lac operon proteins present in E. coli cell before, during, and after IPTG induction.

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction, and the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby, decreasing the expression of lac proteins. The lac proteins will increase during induction, and it decreases before and after the induction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The lac operon lacks both the characteristics: A. that is either fully on or fully off, B. both states are stable.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in the shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Lac operon has multiple expression levels, other than the on or off condition, as condition A is defined by only two states that are fully on or fully off, it is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon expression depends on the binding of inducer molecule, as the removal of inducer decreases the expression of lac operon. Condition B is defined by “both states are stable” is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon shows different expressions thus it cannot be fully on or fully off. It is also not present in stable condition as its expression depends on inducer molecule.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The proteins that are present and which promoter is being expressed for the states GFP-on and GFP-off

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 represents the Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-ff)

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

Fig. 1: Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-off )

Explanation:

GFP-on: The rep^ts gene expresses the rep^ts protein in high level which represses the expression of OP_λ, and GFP are expressed at high level during GFP-on state.

GFP-off: high level expression of Lac I represses the expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP.

In GFP-on state rep^ts and GFP proteins are present, and in GFP-off state Lac I protein is present.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which IPTG would toggle the system

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Presence of LacI protein enables the system for induction of IPTG, thus it induces the expression only in GFP-off state, and the induction is followed by expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP. Thus, IPTG toggle the system from GFP-off to GFP-on.

The state from which IPTG would toggle the system is from GFP-off to GFP-on.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which treatment with heat (42°C) would toggle the system.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Heat affects the system only in presence of rep^ts, which is expressed only in GFP-on state. The rep^ts which is inactivated due to heat exposure results in OP_λ repression followed by the expression of lac I repressor which represses the GFP expression. Hence, heat toggles the system from GFP-on to GFP-off.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that plasmid has characteristics A and B.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Plasmid system has two states of expression. In intermediate state, the system is not stable hence the plasmid follows the condition A which defines the only on and off condition.

Plasmid remains in a single state even after the removal of repressor from binding site, and as condition B defines that both the states are stable, it is followed by the plasmid.

Plasmid has characteristics A and B as it has only two states of expression, and it is stable in both states.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The characteristic of system A that demonstrates GFP expression level in individual cells at [IPTG]=X , at high level or low level of GFP, when no cells showed an intermediate level, and also to determine the cause of bimodal distribution of expression levels at [IPTG]=X

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the protein synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Characters of system A is defined by only on or only off state, at intermediate concentration of inducer X. In the system, some cells are GFP-on and some are GFP-off, hence they define the system A.

As the cell population have both type GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system, the expression level of [IPTG]=X shows the bimodal distribution.

The cells’ population contains only GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system. It defines the condition A. As two types of expression are there in the system, it shows bimodal distribution of expression level of [IPTG]=X .

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90%

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

10% expression of [IPTG] also represents 90% repression of. [IPTG] Hence, 10% of the repressor will show binding to the inducer, while remaining 90% of the repressor will be available for binding to the operator.

To calculate the range of 10% expression level of, the [IPTG] following formula is used with reference to equation 5-8.

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.1Kd=10−4 M0.1=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

0.9[IPTG]=10−5[IPTG]=1.1×10−5M

To calculate the range of 90% expression level of [IPTG], Y=0.9

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.9Kd=10−4 M0.9=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

[IPTG]=9×10−4M

The range of expression of proteins of lac operon varies from 10-fold over the 10-fold expression of [IPTG] range.

Conclusion

The range of IPTG expression level varies from 10-90% or varies 10 folds.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe: The level of lac operon proteins present in E. coli cell before, during, and after IPTG induction.

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction, and the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby, decreasing the expression of lac proteins. The lac proteins will increase during induction, and it decreases before and after the induction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The lac operon lacks both the characteristics: A. that is either fully on or fully off, B. both states are stable.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in the shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Lac operon has multiple expression levels, other than the on or off condition, as condition A is defined by only two states that are fully on or fully off, it is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon expression depends on the binding of inducer molecule, as the removal of inducer decreases the expression of lac operon. Condition B is defined by “both states are stable” is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon shows different expressions thus it cannot be fully on or fully off. It is also not present in stable condition as its expression depends on inducer molecule.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The proteins that are present and which promoter is being expressed for the states GFP-on and GFP-off

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 represents the Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-ff)

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

Fig. 1: Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-off )

Explanation:

GFP-on: The rep^ts gene expresses the rep^ts protein in high level which represses the expression of OP_λ, and GFP are expressed at high level during GFP-on state.

GFP-off: high level expression of Lac I represses the expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP.

In GFP-on state rep^ts and GFP proteins are present, and in GFP-off state Lac I protein is present.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which IPTG would toggle the system

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Presence of LacI protein enables the system for induction of IPTG, thus it induces the expression only in GFP-off state, and the induction is followed by expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP. Thus, IPTG toggle the system from GFP-off to GFP-on.

The state from which IPTG would toggle the system is from GFP-off to GFP-on.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which treatment with heat (42°C) would toggle the system.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Heat affects the system only in presence of rep^ts, which is expressed only in GFP-on state. The rep^ts which is inactivated due to heat exposure results in OP_λ repression followed by the expression of lac I repressor which represses the GFP expression. Hence, heat toggles the system from GFP-on to GFP-off.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that plasmid has characteristics A and B.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Plasmid system has two states of expression. In intermediate state, the system is not stable hence the plasmid follows the condition A which defines the only on and off condition.

Plasmid remains in a single state even after the removal of repressor from binding site, and as condition B defines that both the states are stable, it is followed by the plasmid.

Plasmid has characteristics A and B as it has only two states of expression, and it is stable in both states.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The characteristic of system A that demonstrates GFP expression level in individual cells at [IPTG]=X , at high level or low level of GFP, when no cells showed an intermediate level, and also to determine the cause of bimodal distribution of expression levels at [IPTG]=X

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the protein synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Characters of system A is defined by only on or only off state, at intermediate concentration of inducer X. In the system, some cells are GFP-on and some are GFP-off, hence they define the system A.

As the cell population have both type GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system, the expression level of [IPTG]=X shows the bimodal distribution.

The cells’ population contains only GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system. It defines the condition A. As two types of expression are there in the system, it shows bimodal distribution of expression level of [IPTG]=X .

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Answer 5

Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90%

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

10% expression of [IPTG] also represents 90% repression of. [IPTG] Hence, 10% of the repressor will show binding to the inducer, while remaining 90% of the repressor will be available for binding to the operator.

To calculate the range of 10% expression level of, the [IPTG] following formula is used with reference to equation 5-8.

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.1Kd=10−4 M0.1=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

0.9[IPTG]=10−5[IPTG]=1.1×10−5M

To calculate the range of 90% expression level of [IPTG], Y=0.9

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.9Kd=10−4 M0.9=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

[IPTG]=9×10−4M

The range of expression of proteins of lac operon varies from 10-fold over the 10-fold expression of [IPTG] range.

Conclusion

The range of IPTG expression level varies from 10-90% or varies 10 folds.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe: The level of lac operon proteins present in E. coli cell before, during, and after IPTG induction.

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction, and the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby, decreasing the expression of lac proteins. The lac proteins will increase during induction, and it decreases before and after the induction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The lac operon lacks both the characteristics: A. that is either fully on or fully off, B. both states are stable.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in the shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Lac operon has multiple expression levels, other than the on or off condition, as condition A is defined by only two states that are fully on or fully off, it is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon expression depends on the binding of inducer molecule, as the removal of inducer decreases the expression of lac operon. Condition B is defined by “both states are stable” is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon shows different expressions thus it cannot be fully on or fully off. It is also not present in stable condition as its expression depends on inducer molecule.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The proteins that are present and which promoter is being expressed for the states GFP-on and GFP-off

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 represents the Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-ff)

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

Fig. 1: Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-off )

Explanation:

GFP-on: The rep^ts gene expresses the rep^ts protein in high level which represses the expression of OP_λ, and GFP are expressed at high level during GFP-on state.

GFP-off: high level expression of Lac I represses the expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP.

In GFP-on state rep^ts and GFP proteins are present, and in GFP-off state Lac I protein is present.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which IPTG would toggle the system

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Presence of LacI protein enables the system for induction of IPTG, thus it induces the expression only in GFP-off state, and the induction is followed by expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP. Thus, IPTG toggle the system from GFP-off to GFP-on.

The state from which IPTG would toggle the system is from GFP-off to GFP-on.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which treatment with heat (42°C) would toggle the system.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Heat affects the system only in presence of rep^ts, which is expressed only in GFP-on state. The rep^ts which is inactivated due to heat exposure results in OP_λ repression followed by the expression of lac I repressor which represses the GFP expression. Hence, heat toggles the system from GFP-on to GFP-off.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that plasmid has characteristics A and B.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Plasmid system has two states of expression. In intermediate state, the system is not stable hence the plasmid follows the condition A which defines the only on and off condition.

Plasmid remains in a single state even after the removal of repressor from binding site, and as condition B defines that both the states are stable, it is followed by the plasmid.

Plasmid has characteristics A and B as it has only two states of expression, and it is stable in both states.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The characteristic of system A that demonstrates GFP expression level in individual cells at [IPTG]=X , at high level or low level of GFP, when no cells showed an intermediate level, and also to determine the cause of bimodal distribution of expression levels at [IPTG]=X

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the protein synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Characters of system A is defined by only on or only off state, at intermediate concentration of inducer X. In the system, some cells are GFP-on and some are GFP-off, hence they define the system A.

As the cell population have both type GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system, the expression level of [IPTG]=X shows the bimodal distribution.

The cells’ population contains only GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system. It defines the condition A. As two types of expression are there in the system, it shows bimodal distribution of expression level of [IPTG]=X .

Answer 6

Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90%

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

10% expression of [IPTG] also represents 90% repression of. [IPTG] Hence, 10% of the repressor will show binding to the inducer, while remaining 90% of the repressor will be available for binding to the operator.

To calculate the range of 10% expression level of, the [IPTG] following formula is used with reference to equation 5-8.

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.1Kd=10−4 M0.1=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

0.9[IPTG]=10−5[IPTG]=1.1×10−5M

To calculate the range of 90% expression level of [IPTG], Y=0.9

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.9Kd=10−4 M0.9=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

[IPTG]=9×10−4M

The range of expression of proteins of lac operon varies from 10-fold over the 10-fold expression of [IPTG] range.

Conclusion

The range of IPTG expression level varies from 10-90% or varies 10 folds.

Answer 7

Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The range of [IPTG] expression level which vary from 10% to 90%

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

10% expression of [IPTG] also represents 90% repression of. [IPTG] Hence, 10% of the repressor will show binding to the inducer, while remaining 90% of the repressor will be available for binding to the operator.

To calculate the range of 10% expression level of, the [IPTG] following formula is used with reference to equation 5-8.

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.1Kd=10−4 M0.1=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

0.9[IPTG]=10−5[IPTG]=1.1×10−5M

To calculate the range of 90% expression level of [IPTG], Y=0.9

Y=[IPTG][IPTG]+KdY=0.9Kd=10−4 M0.9=[IPTG][IPTG]+10−4 M

So the range of expression level of [IPTG] is:

[IPTG]=9×10−4M

The range of expression of proteins of lac operon varies from 10-fold over the 10-fold expression of [IPTG] range.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

The range of IPTG expression level varies from 10-90% or varies 10 folds.

Answer 13

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe: The level of lac operon proteins present in E. coli cell before, during, and after IPTG induction.

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction, and the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby, decreasing the expression of lac proteins. The lac proteins will increase during induction, and it decreases before and after the induction.

Answer 14

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe: The level of lac operon proteins present in E. coli cell before, during, and after IPTG induction.

Introduction:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) binds to the lac repressor in similar way as allolactose. It releases the repressor in allosteric manner from the lac operator and the structural gene transcription of lac operon.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction, and the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby, decreasing the expression of lac proteins. The lac proteins will increase during induction, and it decreases before and after the induction.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The lac operon lacks both the characteristics: A. that is either fully on or fully off, B. both states are stable.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in the shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Lac operon has multiple expression levels, other than the on or off condition, as condition A is defined by only two states that are fully on or fully off, it is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon expression depends on the binding of inducer molecule, as the removal of inducer decreases the expression of lac operon. Condition B is defined by “both states are stable” is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon shows different expressions thus it cannot be fully on or fully off. It is also not present in stable condition as its expression depends on inducer molecule.

Answer 20

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The lac operon lacks both the characteristics: A. that is either fully on or fully off, B. both states are stable.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in the shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

Answer 21

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Lac operon has multiple expression levels, other than the on or off condition, as condition A is defined by only two states that are fully on or fully off, it is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon expression depends on the binding of inducer molecule, as the removal of inducer decreases the expression of lac operon. Condition B is defined by “both states are stable” is not followed by lac operon.

Lac operon shows different expressions thus it cannot be fully on or fully off. It is also not present in stable condition as its expression depends on inducer molecule.

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The proteins that are present and which promoter is being expressed for the states GFP-on and GFP-off

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 represents the Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-ff)

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

Fig. 1: Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-off )

Explanation:

GFP-on: The rep^ts gene expresses the rep^ts protein in high level which represses the expression of OP_λ, and GFP are expressed at high level during GFP-on state.

GFP-off: high level expression of Lac I represses the expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP.

In GFP-on state rep^ts and GFP proteins are present, and in GFP-off state Lac I protein is present.

Answer 26

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The proteins that are present and which promoter is being expressed for the states GFP-on and GFP-off

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

Answer 27

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 represents the Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-ff)

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 28, Problem 15DAP

Fig. 1: Plasmid (for the states GFP-on and GFP-off )

Explanation:

GFP-on: The rep^ts gene expresses the rep^ts protein in high level which represses the expression of OP_λ, and GFP are expressed at high level during GFP-on state.

GFP-off: high level expression of Lac I represses the expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP.

In GFP-on state rep^ts and GFP proteins are present, and in GFP-off state Lac I protein is present.

Answer 28

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 29

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which IPTG would toggle the system

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Presence of LacI protein enables the system for induction of IPTG, thus it induces the expression only in GFP-off state, and the induction is followed by expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP. Thus, IPTG toggle the system from GFP-off to GFP-on.

The state from which IPTG would toggle the system is from GFP-off to GFP-on.

Answer 32

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which IPTG would toggle the system

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the proteins synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

Answer 33

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Presence of LacI protein enables the system for induction of IPTG, thus it induces the expression only in GFP-off state, and the induction is followed by expression of OP_lac, rep^ts and GFP. Thus, IPTG toggle the system from GFP-off to GFP-on.

The state from which IPTG would toggle the system is from GFP-off to GFP-on.

Answer 34

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 35

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Answer 37

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which treatment with heat (42°C) would toggle the system.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Heat affects the system only in presence of rep^ts, which is expressed only in GFP-on state. The rep^ts which is inactivated due to heat exposure results in OP_λ repression followed by the expression of lac I repressor which represses the GFP expression. Hence, heat toggles the system from GFP-on to GFP-off.

Answer 38

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The state from which treatment with heat (42°C) would toggle the system.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

Answer 39

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Heat affects the system only in presence of rep^ts, which is expressed only in GFP-on state. The rep^ts which is inactivated due to heat exposure results in OP_λ repression followed by the expression of lac I repressor which represses the GFP expression. Hence, heat toggles the system from GFP-on to GFP-off.

Answer 40

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 41

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 42

Expert Solution

Answer 43

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that plasmid has characteristics A and B.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Plasmid system has two states of expression. In intermediate state, the system is not stable hence the plasmid follows the condition A which defines the only on and off condition.

Plasmid remains in a single state even after the removal of repressor from binding site, and as condition B defines that both the states are stable, it is followed by the plasmid.

Plasmid has characteristics A and B as it has only two states of expression, and it is stable in both states.

Answer 44

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that plasmid has characteristics A and B.

Introduction:

In normal lac operon regulation, when the repressor is bound to lactose (inducer), it no longer binds to the operator DNA. Binding of lactose to the repressor alters the conformation of the repressor protein so that it does not have affinity for the operator. The change in shape of repressor gene will not allow it to bind to lactose resulting in inhibition of translation of structural gene.

Answer 45

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Plasmid system has two states of expression. In intermediate state, the system is not stable hence the plasmid follows the condition A which defines the only on and off condition.

Plasmid remains in a single state even after the removal of repressor from binding site, and as condition B defines that both the states are stable, it is followed by the plasmid.

Plasmid has characteristics A and B as it has only two states of expression, and it is stable in both states.

Answer 46

(g)

Expert Solution

Answer 47

(g)

Expert Solution

Answer 48

Expert Solution

Answer 49

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The characteristic of system A that demonstrates GFP expression level in individual cells at [IPTG]=X , at high level or low level of GFP, when no cells showed an intermediate level, and also to determine the cause of bimodal distribution of expression levels at [IPTG]=X

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the protein synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Characters of system A is defined by only on or only off state, at intermediate concentration of inducer X. In the system, some cells are GFP-on and some are GFP-off, hence they define the system A.

As the cell population have both type GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system, the expression level of [IPTG]=X shows the bimodal distribution.

The cells’ population contains only GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system. It defines the condition A. As two types of expression are there in the system, it shows bimodal distribution of expression level of [IPTG]=X .

Answer 50

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The characteristic of system A that demonstrates GFP expression level in individual cells at [IPTG]=X , at high level or low level of GFP, when no cells showed an intermediate level, and also to determine the cause of bimodal distribution of expression levels at [IPTG]=X

Introduction:

IPTG induces the expression of lac operon proteins. The level of lac protein is very low before the induction while the expression of lac protein will increase during the induction. After the induction, the protein synthesis will stop thereby decreasing the expression of lac proteins.

Answer 51

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Characters of system A is defined by only on or only off state, at intermediate concentration of inducer X. In the system, some cells are GFP-on and some are GFP-off, hence they define the system A.

As the cell population have both type GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system, the expression level of [IPTG]=X shows the bimodal distribution.

The cells’ population contains only GFP-on and GFP-off cells in the system. It defines the condition A. As two types of expression are there in the system, it shows bimodal distribution of expression level of [IPTG]=X .