Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 27.2, Problem 1CR
Q What properties are required for a vaccine to induce an immune response? What type of immunity results from vaccination, and what role does a “booster” play in this process?
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Several vaccines against viral infections are made by isolating purified surface proteins of the viral particle, mixing them with an adjuvant to stimulate an innate immune response, and injecting the mixture into people. Two examples of this are the vaccine against Hepatitis B virus, and the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (the ‘cervical cancer’ vaccine). One interesting property of vaccines of this type (known as ‘subunit vaccines’) is that there is a requirement for a CD4 T cell response to the vaccine antigen in order to generate antibodies to the innocuous protein in the vaccine. In the case of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the viral protein included in the vaccine is the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HepB-SAg), a protein that is approximately 200 amino acids in length. The graph in Figure Q4.27 shows the data from immunizing individuals with this vaccine, and monitoring their production of protective antibody responses to the viral protein.
a) What results would be predicted if…
From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine"
Each
year,
the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two
strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes an area that
sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect.
However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is...
O The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human
immune cells.
O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time.
Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shiclding them from human immune
cells.
O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack.
O The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.
For an Immunoprecipitation experiment:The cellular extract contains a protein labeled with a fluorescent dye, which emits green fluorescence under UV light. Explain your observations in IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3 tubes by considering the interaction among antibody 1 (or antibody 3), the fluorescent-labeled protein, and the protein-A agarose beads.
Chapter 27 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 27.1 - Distinguish between clonal deletion and clonal...Ch. 27.1 - QWhy is it necessary that all three defining...Ch. 27.2 - Identify the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of...Ch. 27.2 - Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and...Ch. 27.2 - Give an example for each: natural and artificial...Ch. 27.2 - QWhat properties are required for a vaccine to...Ch. 27.3 - Summarize antibody production starting with...Ch. 27.3 - Differentiate among antibody classes using...
Ch. 27.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.3 - QDescribe the structural and functional...Ch. 27.4 - Draw a complete Ig molecule and identify...Ch. 27.4 - Describe antigen binding to the CDR1, 2, and 3...Ch. 27.4 - Describe the recombination events that produce a...Ch. 27.4 - QWhich Ig chains are used to construct a complete...Ch. 27.5 - Identify the cells that display MHC class I and...Ch. 27.5 - Compare the MHC I and MHC II protein structures...Ch. 27.5 - Define the sequence of events for processing and...Ch. 27.5 - QDescribe the basic structure of class I and class...Ch. 27.6 - Define polymorphism and polygeny as they apply to...Ch. 27.6 - How does a single MHC protein present many...Ch. 27.6 - QPolymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.7 - Identify diversity-generating mechanisms unique to...Ch. 27.7 - Describe and compare the structural features of Ig...Ch. 27.7 - QWhat diversity-generating mechanisms function to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the mechanism used by Tc cells to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the effector system (the cell-killing...Ch. 27.8 - Compare and contrast the roles and activities of...Ch. 27.8 - QWhat mechanism do Tc cells use to identify and...Ch. 27.9 - Discriminate between immediate hypersensitivity...Ch. 27.9 - Provide examples and mechanisms for an...Ch. 27.9 - QHow do immediate and delayed-type...Ch. 27.10 - Describe the binding site for superantigens on T...Ch. 27.10 - Compare and contrast the immunodeficiency observed...Ch. 27.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 27 - Antibodies of the IgA class are probably more...Ch. 27 - Prob. 2AQCh. 27 - Polymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27 - What problems would arise if a person had a...
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- Which of the following statement regarding the whole-pathogen vaccine is/are correct (B) Live attenuated whole-pathogen vaccines are more effective to elicit a robust immune response, and often a single dose is sufficient. A and B are correct (A) Inactivated whole-pathogen vaccines are usually less immunogenic and often require booster doses/s A and C are correct (C) Inactivated whole-pathogen vaccines never cause disease but live attenuated vaccines always cause a mild disease.arrow_forward3. Antibodies are valuable tools for immunological detection. Two types of antibodies are commonly used: polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. (a) Briefly describe how polyclonal antibodies are generated. (b) Should you use a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody to bind to the antigen in the following cases below? Briefly explain your answers. (i) Immunoprecipitating a rare cellular protein in a cellular extract (ii) Detecting a protein antigen by western blotting (iii) Treating a patient with lung cancerarrow_forwardHow were the structure of ACE2 and spike protein solved? describe the key processes involved in vaccine manufacturing. why is it easier to target a single mutant than a multiple mutants? why is SARS-CoV-2 so dangerous? summarise the key difference in the invasion of cell by: HIV, Adenovirus, Anthrax,SARS-CoV-2 and MERS What are the key players in the various mutants of spike proteins?arrow_forward
- 1) You have been asked to engineer a protein (which is not animmunoglobulin) that is capable of binding to a given protein target.Devise a strategy and discuss the main molecular screeningapproaches required.arrow_forwardNaive T cells are isolated and left untreated or treated with ‘compound X’ for 1 hour. Following this, the T cells are incubated with a range of concentrations of a soluble form of ICAM-1 that has been conjugated to a fluorescent dye (soluble-ICAM-1-FITC). Fifteen minutes later, the cells are washed, and the relative amount of fluorescence bound to the cells is measured. The results of this assay are shown in the figure below. The most likely identity of compound X is: The adhesion molecule, LFA-1 The adhesion molecule, L-selectin The sulfated carbohydrate structure, sulfated sialyl-LewisX The chemokine ligand for CCR7 The immunoglobulin superfamily member, CD2arrow_forwardWhat is the purpose of using a secondary antibody?arrow_forward
- a) What is “washing” in immunology? What types of interactions doeswashing interfere with? What molecules are used for effective“washing” in the immunology lab?b) Blocking is also a common feature of immunological assays. Why isblocking required?i. A student forgot to block their Western blot membrane beforeadding the secondary antibody. They continue and block themembrane after the secondary antibody step, assuming itdoesn’t matter which order the steps are completed in. Howwould this affect the results seen?ii. A student blocked their ELISA plate with 50 microlitres ofblocking buffer, although their coating, binding and detectionsteps were at 100 microlitres. How would this affect the resultsseen?arrow_forwardrefer to the picture explain in detail the type of centrifugation which you will use to seperate imunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin Garrow_forwardHybridoma technology allows one to generatemonoclonal antibodies to virtually any protein. Why isit, then, that genetically tagging proteins with epitopes issuch a commonly used technique, especially since an epi-tope tag has the potential to interfere with the function ofthe protein?arrow_forward
- 5. A diagram of an antibody IgG molecule is given below. Indicate the locations of the following items on the diagram by putting the letter next to those parts of the molecule. If a part occurs more than once, mark all copies of the part. If you want you can draw the structure, mark it, take a picture, and insert the photo. (a) (b) (d) (e) the heavy chains the light chains the antigen binding site(s) the hinge region the Fc regionarrow_forward(35) Human immunization with purified polysaccharide antigens generates a response that is not dependent on T-lymphocytes control. As a result switching of immunoglobulin class during immune response does not occur . Therefore,the human immune response 2 months after vaccination with purified polysaccharide involves primarily which of the following immunoglobulin classes? (A) IgA. (B) IgD. (C) IgE. (D) IgG.…arrow_forwardIf antibody responses are not elicited by a Covid-19 vaccine, are there other types of immune response that could provide protection from the SARS-Co-V2 virus following vaccination? Explain why or why not.arrow_forward
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