Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 27, Problem 27CONQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The contribution of the following mechanism in the alteration of allele frequency for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strain.
A. Random mutation
B. Genetic drift
C. Natural selection
Introduction:
Antibiotics are essentially used to prevent infection from bacteria and
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Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibiotic-
resistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This resistance has undermined the effectiveness of
antibiotics in treating many types of infectious disease. Discuss how the following processes that alter allele frequencies may have
contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains:
A. Random mutation
B. Genetic drift
C. Natural selection
Identify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype, and/or phenotype frequency:
A. Approximately 1 in 2500 people of Northern European descent is born with cystic fibrosis.
B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in West Africa is approximately 13%.
C. The number of new mutations for achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately 5 × 10–5.
The Scarborough shoal in the South China sea is home to the Peliotsky turtle. A recessive mutation "floppy" is known in the turtle which interferes with normal flipper growth and makes the turtle less mobile and unable to survive severe storms. In 2008 a sample survey of a large, freely interbreeding, population of turtles found 47 individuals with the mutant phenotype out of a population of 341 individuals.
a) Calculate the frequencies of the recessive and dominant alleles in the turtle population.
Chapter 27 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 27.1 - A gene pool is a. all of the genes in a single...Ch. 27.1 - 2. In natural populations, most genes...Ch. 27.1 - A gene exists in two alleles designatedDandd. If...Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 27.2 - Which of the following is a factor that, by...Ch. 27.3 - 1. Darwinian fitness is a measure...Ch. 27.3 - 2. Within a particular population, darkly colored...Ch. 27.3 - 3. A population occupies heterogeneous...Ch. 27.3 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 27.4 - 1. Genetic drift is
a. a change in allele...
Ch. 27.4 - 2. Which of the following influences on genetic...Ch. 27.5 - Gene flow depends on a. migration. b. the ability...Ch. 27.6 - 1. Inbreeding is sexual reproduction between...Ch. 27.7 - The mutation rate is a. the likelihood that a new...Ch. 27.7 - 2. The transfer of an antibiotic resistance gene...Ch. 27.7 - Prob. 3COMQCh. 27 - 1. What is the gene pool? How is a gene pool...Ch. 27 - Prob. 2CONQCh. 27 - Prob. 3CONQCh. 27 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 27 - The termpolymorphismcan refer to both genes and...Ch. 27 - Prob. 6CONQCh. 27 - For a gene existing in two alleles, what are the...Ch. 27 - 8. In a population, the frequencies of two...Ch. 27 - The ability to roll your tongue is inherited as a...Ch. 27 - What evolutionary factors can cause allele...Ch. 27 - What is the difference between a neutral and an...Ch. 27 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 27 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 27 - Describe the similarities and differences among...Ch. 27 - 15. Is each of the following examples due to...Ch. 27 - Prob. 16CONQCh. 27 - Prob. 17CONQCh. 27 - 18. A group of four birds flies to a new location...Ch. 27 - 19. Describe what happens to allele frequencies as...Ch. 27 - With regard to genetic drift, are the following...Ch. 27 - When two populations frequently intermix due to...Ch. 27 - Two populations of antelope are separated by a...Ch. 27 - Prob. 23CONQCh. 27 - 24. Using the pedigree shown here, answer the...Ch. 27 - A family pedigree is shown here. A. What is the...Ch. 27 - 26. A family pedigree is shown here.
A. What is...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27CONQCh. 27 - Prob. 28CONQCh. 27 - 1. You will need to be familiar with the...Ch. 27 - You will need to refer to question 2 in More...Ch. 27 - Prob. 3EQCh. 27 - Prob. 4EQCh. 27 - You will need to refer to question 2 in More...Ch. 27 - Prob. 6EQCh. 27 - Prob. 7EQCh. 27 - In the Grants study of the medium ground finch, do...Ch. 27 - 9. A recessive lethal allele has achieved a...Ch. 27 - Among a large population of 2 million gray...Ch. 27 - In a donor population, the allele frequencies for...Ch. 27 - Prob. 12EQCh. 27 - Prob. 13EQCh. 27 - Prob. 14EQCh. 27 - 15. What would you expect to be the minimum...Ch. 27 - Discuss examples of positive and negative...Ch. 27 - Discuss the role of mutation in the origin of...Ch. 27 - Prob. 3QSDC
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- Considering the Hardy-Weinberg theorem’s assumptions, which of the following statements is NOT correct? (Recall that there are certain assumptions that must be true in order for the Hardy-Weinberg theorem to accurately predict genotype ratios in the next generation.)a) The population must be very large so there random genetic drift will not occur.b) No natural selection can occur.c) Mating must be random.d) Individuals must migrate into and out of the population so that gene flow will occur.e) Mutations must not occur.arrow_forwarda) Name and define the evolutionary processes that cause change in allele frequencies acrossgenerations. b) Describe how each process is expected to change allele frequencies across generations,including the following terms as appropriate:- genome-wide effects, loci-specific effects advantageous, deleterious, neutral- population size- speed of evolutionary changearrow_forwardA.) Plot the gene and genotype frequencies for all generations in a graph. This will serve as Figure 1. Please do not forget to provide a figure title. Follow the format of the line graphs found in II. B.) Do your data in Table 2 and Figure 1 conform to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Explain.arrow_forward
- For two 2 alleles at a locus, which of the following sets of genotype frequencies would you expect came from a very small population that is experiencing significant genetic drift? a) AA = 0.01, Aa = 0.18, aa = 0.81 b) BB = 0.04, Bb = 0.32, bb = 0.64 c) CC = 0.36, Cc = 0.48, cc = 0.16 d) DD = 0.125, Dd = 0.425, dd =0.45 e) EE = 0.0625, Ee = 0.375, ee = 0.5625arrow_forwardA mountain region has a population of 5,000 mountain goats. You score these animals for the R locus and find that this locus has two alleles, R (dominant) and r (recessive). 3200 individuals are homozygous dominant, 1,600 are heterozygous, and 200 are homozygous recessive. a) Calculate the allele frequencies for this population. Show your work. b) Calculate the observed genotypic frequencies for this population. Show your work. c) Calculate the expected genotype frequencies if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Show your work. d) Does this population appear to be at H-W equilibrium? Why or why not? (You do not need to analyze this statistically).arrow_forwarda) The allele frequency of albinism is 0.12 in a population of 450 individuals. If the number of individuals that are carriers of albinism is 101. Calculate the number of individuals with normal pigmentation? b) A rare disease which is due to a recessive allele (A) that is lethal when homozygous occurs within a specific population at a frequency of three in a million. How many individuals in a town with a population of 3000 will be expected to carry this allele?arrow_forward
- Identify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype,and/or phenotype frequency:A. Approximately 1 in 2500 individuals of Northern Europeandescent is born with cystic fibrosis.B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in WestAfrica is approximately 13%.C. The number of new mutations per generation resultingin achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately5 × 10−5.arrow_forwardYou are a scientist studying a population of beetles. Beetle color is controlled by two alleles at a single genetic locus. AA beetles are blue, Aa purple, and aa pink. You count 30 blue beetles, 10 purple beetles, and 40 pink beetles. a) What is the frequency of the A allele? [ Select ] b) What is the observed frequency of the Aa genotype? 1 Select ] c) Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of the aa gentoype? [ Select ] d) Is this beetle population evolving? I Select ]arrow_forwardA researcher examines a locus, or marker, in which there is a particular C/T polymorphism in a population of interest. Let’s call this Locus 1. They obtain the following genotype counts in a sample of the population: CC:42, CT:16, TT:32. a) Calculate the genotype frequencies and the allele frequencies for Locus 1 in the sample.b) Calculate the observed heterozygosity (the frequency of heterozygotes) and the observed homozygosity (the total frequency of all homozygotes) in the sample. Ensure that these two frequencies add up to 1.arrow_forward
- In a large herd of 5468 sheep, 76 animals have yellow fat, and the rest of the members of the herd have white fat. Yellow fat is inherited as a recessive trait. This herd is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A. What are the frequencies of the white and yellow fat alleles in this population? B. Approximately how many sheep with white fat are heterozygous carriers of the yellow allele?arrow_forwardA sample of 100 individuals from a population that is dimorphic at the A locus has genotype counts as follows. AA: 30 Aa: 60 aa: 10 a) What are the allele frequencies in the population? b) What are the expected genotype frequencies, if the population were at HardyWeinberg equilibrium? c) Is the proportion of heterozygotes lower or higher than expected at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What deviations from the assumptions of the model would best explain the observed difference?arrow_forwardYou are studying a population of penguins in Antarctica. Your DNA analysis of this population reveals that for the feather color pattern gene, 35 individuals are homozygous dominant, 35 individuals are heterozygous, and 30 individuals are homozygous recessive. After observing this population for several years, you repeat your DNA study and find that the current generation of penguins has 15 individuals that are homozygous dominant, 10 individuals that are heterozygous, and 75 individuals that are homozygous recessive. Which of the following hypotheses for this data would be supported by this data based on your understanding of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? This population of penguins is maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to its large population size. The penguins are randomly choosing mates, which has led to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The penguins are very isolated, which is preventing gene flow from affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The recessive phenotype in…arrow_forward
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