Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323717271
Author: Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Reece
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 26, Problem 6TYU
If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of thc following would be the best outgroup?
- (A) wolf
- (B) domestic cat
- (C) lion
- (D) leopard
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Suppose a new monkey species, Species A, has just been discovered. You are a primatologist, and you are trying to determine its phylogenetic position. You are sure its closest relatives are Species B and Species C, but you want to know which one it is more closely related to or if it is equally closely related to both. You are using Species D, a more distant relative, as the outgroup. You have come up with a list of ten characters you think will be useful in resolving this phylogeny, and you have determined the character state of each species for each character. The character states are: (in image below)
Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible phylogenies for species A, B, and C and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes.
HINT: First, review the carnivorans problem in Section 4.3 of the Zimmer and Emlen textbook. To solve the above problem, assume the outgroup has the ancestral character state for each…
Now, assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species. Redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origins of characters 1-6?
Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply.
A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree.
B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor.
C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species.
D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles.
E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.
Chapter 26 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
Ch. 26.1 - VISUAL SKILLS: Which levels of the classification...Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.1 - DRAW IT The bear family (Ursidae) is more closety...Ch. 26.2 - Decide whether each of the following pairs of...Ch. 26.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 26.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.3 - WHAT IF? Draw a phylogenetic tree that includes...Ch. 26.4 - Explain how comparing proteins of two species can...Ch. 26.4 - WHAT IF? Suppose gene A is orthologous in species...
Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26.5 - What is a molecular clock? What assumption...Ch. 26.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.5 - WHAT IF? Suppose a molecular dock dates the...Ch. 26.6 - Why is the kingdom Monera no longer considered a...Ch. 26.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Explain how the origin of...Ch. 26 - Humans and chimpanzees are sister species. Explain...Ch. 26 - Why is it necessary to distinguish homology from...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.3CRCh. 26 - When reconstructing phylogenies, is it more useful...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.5CRCh. 26 - Prob. 26.6CRCh. 26 - In a comparison of birds and mammals, the...Ch. 26 - To appiy parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic...Ch. 26 - VISUAL SKILLS In Figure 26.4, which similarly...Ch. 26 - Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common...Ch. 26 - VISUAL SKILLS Based on the tree below, which...Ch. 26 - If you were using cladistics to build a...Ch. 26 - VISUAL SKILLS The relative lengths of the frog and...Ch. 26 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Darwin suggested looking at a...Ch. 26 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT (a) Draw a...Ch. 26 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INFORMATION In a Short essay...Ch. 26 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This West Indian manatee...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Mammals, like humans and apes, have 5 digits on their fore and hind limbs. Modern horses have 1. How might you recontrust the ancestral state of mammal tow number?a) investigate the number of toes on all extant horses and apesb) investigate the number of toes for other mammals and use parsimony to deduce the ancestral statec) investigate the number of toes for an outgroup that is closely related to mammals, for example reptiles or amphibiansd) either b or ce) all of the abovearrow_forward7) Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Select all the statements that are supported by this tree. A) Gray whales are the common ancestor of the Blue and Humpback whales. B) Blue and humpback whales diverged more recently than either did from the gray whale. C) The Bryde's whale shares a more recent common ancestor with the Sei whale than with the Fin whale. D) The blue and the Bryde's whale have more traits in common with each other than with any other two species, E) Southern minke whales and Northern minke whales have more traits in common with each other than with any other species. Not Gradedarrow_forwarda) Is Figure 1 a cladogram, phylogram, or chronogram? b) According to Figure 1, all bears share a common ancestor with what group of mammals? c) What pair of bear species diverged most recently? d) The ancestor of what species of bear diverged the earliest from the ancestor of all other bears?arrow_forward
- Referring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions: 1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis? 2. How many clades are there? 3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why? 4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?arrow_forward(a) How do you describe the data from the amino acid sequence to anatomical features provided in the cladogram? Are they generally associated with one another? (b) do you agree that the more differences in amino acid sequence, the more closely related organisms are, if yes does that mean they shall be group under the same biological classification? (c) in the molecular data provided, describe how human and rhesus monkey relate with one another (d) why do you think 30 and chicken are different species despite the fact that they have the same sequence of amino acids for cytochrome c protein? help plssss, thank u! thank u!arrow_forwarda) Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. b) Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. c) How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Use figure 20.5 and 20.12 from the Campbell, Biology in focus. Can you pls explain this to me?arrow_forward
- True or Falsearrow_forwardIn interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each branch back to the node closest to the root (b) taxa on the right side of a cladogram have evolved from the taxa on the left side (c) the relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years since a particular taxon has evolved (d) we can determine relationships by tracing along the branches back to the most recent commonancestor (e) we must first identify horizontal gene transferarrow_forwardThree species of orchid bees are in the genus Euglossa and one is in the genus Eulaema. You don’t know which Euglossa are most related. Draw a phylogenetic tree of these species, including the outgroup Apis (genus of honey bees).arrow_forward
- A study inferred a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on sequence data from a specific gene. Numbers represent bootstrap support values for each clade. Based on the study's findings, how certain should we be that marsupials are sister to placental mammals, rather than monotremes? What number is used to represent this certainty, and how was it calculated?arrow_forwardIn cladistic analysis, (a) ancestral characters are used to reconstructphylogenies (b) characters must be homoplastic (c) polyphyletic groups are preferred (d) outgroup analysis is rarely used (e) shared derived characters are the preferred evidence for relatednessarrow_forwardBased on this phylogenetic tree, which organisms are the most closely related? B. bonærensis (Southern Minke Whale) B. acutorostrata (Northern Minke Whale) B. physalus (Fin Whale) B. edeni (Pygmy Bryde's Whale) B borealis (Sei Whale) B. brydei (Bryde's Whale) B. musculus (Blue Whale) Megaptera novæanglia (Humpback Whale) Eschrichtius robustus (Gray Whale) B. musculus (Blue Whale) and B. physalus (Fin Whale) B. acutostrata (Northern Minke Whale) and B. edeni (Pygmy Bryde's Whale) B. brydei (Bryde's Whale) and B. edeni (Pygmy Bryde's Whale) Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale) and Eschrichtius robustus (Gray Whale)arrow_forward
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Phylogenetic Mysteries: Crash Course Zoology #12; Author: CrashCourse;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVaw7nF72Aw;License: Standard youtube license