NESTER'S MICROBIOLOGY
NESTER'S MICROBIOLOGY
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781264826940
Author: Anderson
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 26, Problem 4MC
Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Botulism is a serious illness thatis produced by Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum), a Gram-positive, endospore-formingrod-shaped bacteria that secretebotulinum toxin. This toxin can cause paralysis. Paralysisstarts from the faceandspreadto limbs. Thereare several types of botulism, likefoodbornebotulism, intestinal botulism, infant botulism, and wound botulism.

Botulism causes dizziness, blurriness or double vision, nausea, pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Treatment of botulism can be done by administering antitoxins intravenously to nullify the effect of the botulinum toxin. Moreover, prevention from foodborne botulism can be done by sterilization and sealing of food products or at the time of canning.

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You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?
You decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.
You implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb?  Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.
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