a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics. b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 25.L2, Problem 1CT

a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.

b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.
Why herd immunity would be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs

Introduction:

Viruses may come in more than one strain, varying in their surface antigens. Herd immunity refers to the general resistance of a population to a particular strain of a virus.

Explanation of Solution

When herd immunity for a strain of the influenza virus is high, it means that most individuals in the population won’t be affected by that strain. Consequently, the strain is less likely to spread in the population. This also means that there are fewer instances when the strain reaches other populations during travel, especially if the other population also has high immunity. When herd immunity against a strain is lacking, the strain will circulate in the population, and there will be many more chances of exposure to other populations due to travel or migration. This is what leads to influenza pandemics.
Herd immunity is a result of the immune systems of the individuals in a population having the ability to recognize an antigen on the surface of the virus. When the immune system cannot immediately recognize the antigen, it cannot react fast enough to prevent infection. During antigenic drift and shift, the composition of the antigenic proteins change as a result of mutation or gene exchange. Therefore, during such events new strains of the virus are created, and herd immunity for these new strains will be lacking.

Conclusion

Low herd immunity increases the chances for influenza pandemics to occur. When antigenic drift or shift occur, there are changes in the surface antigens of the virus. This means that the immune systems of the individuals in the population cannot immediately recognize the new strains of virus that have formed. Therefore, her immunity is lacking during such events.

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We will be starting a group project next week where you and your group will research and ultimately present on a current research article related to the biology of a pathogen that infects humans. The article could be about the pathogen itself, the disease process related to the pathogen, the immune response to the pathogen, vaccines or treatments that affect the pathogen, or other biology-related study about the pathogen. I recommend that you choose a pathogen that is currently interesting to researchers, so that you will be able to find plenty of articles about it. Avoid choosing a historical disease that no longer circulates. List 3 possible pathogens or diseases that you might want to do for your group project.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 25.L2, Problem 1CT

a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.

b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.
Why herd immunity would be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs

Introduction:

Viruses may come in more than one strain, varying in their surface antigens. Herd immunity refers to the general resistance of a population to a particular strain of a virus.

Explanation of Solution

When herd immunity for a strain of the influenza virus is high, it means that most individuals in the population won’t be affected by that strain. Consequently, the strain is less likely to spread in the population. This also means that there are fewer instances when the strain reaches other populations during travel, especially if the other population also has high immunity. When herd immunity against a strain is lacking, the strain will circulate in the population, and there will be many more chances of exposure to other populations due to travel or migration. This is what leads to influenza pandemics.
Herd immunity is a result of the immune systems of the individuals in a population having the ability to recognize an antigen on the surface of the virus. When the immune system cannot immediately recognize the antigen, it cannot react fast enough to prevent infection. During antigenic drift and shift, the composition of the antigenic proteins change as a result of mutation or gene exchange. Therefore, during such events new strains of the virus are created, and herd immunity for these new strains will be lacking.

Conclusion

Low herd immunity increases the chances for influenza pandemics to occur. When antigenic drift or shift occur, there are changes in the surface antigens of the virus. This means that the immune systems of the individuals in the population cannot immediately recognize the new strains of virus that have formed. Therefore, her immunity is lacking during such events.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 25.L2, Problem 1CT

a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.

b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.
Why herd immunity would be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs

Introduction:

Viruses may come in more than one strain, varying in their surface antigens. Herd immunity refers to the general resistance of a population to a particular strain of a virus.

Explanation of Solution

When herd immunity for a strain of the influenza virus is high, it means that most individuals in the population won’t be affected by that strain. Consequently, the strain is less likely to spread in the population. This also means that there are fewer instances when the strain reaches other populations during travel, especially if the other population also has high immunity. When herd immunity against a strain is lacking, the strain will circulate in the population, and there will be many more chances of exposure to other populations due to travel or migration. This is what leads to influenza pandemics.
Herd immunity is a result of the immune systems of the individuals in a population having the ability to recognize an antigen on the surface of the virus. When the immune system cannot immediately recognize the antigen, it cannot react fast enough to prevent infection. During antigenic drift and shift, the composition of the antigenic proteins change as a result of mutation or gene exchange. Therefore, during such events new strains of the virus are created, and herd immunity for these new strains will be lacking.

Conclusion

Low herd immunity increases the chances for influenza pandemics to occur. When antigenic drift or shift occur, there are changes in the surface antigens of the virus. This means that the immune systems of the individuals in the population cannot immediately recognize the new strains of virus that have formed. Therefore, her immunity is lacking during such events.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 25.L2, Problem 1CT

a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.

b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.
Why herd immunity would be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs

Introduction:

Viruses may come in more than one strain, varying in their surface antigens. Herd immunity refers to the general resistance of a population to a particular strain of a virus.

Explanation of Solution

When herd immunity for a strain of the influenza virus is high, it means that most individuals in the population won’t be affected by that strain. Consequently, the strain is less likely to spread in the population. This also means that there are fewer instances when the strain reaches other populations during travel, especially if the other population also has high immunity. When herd immunity against a strain is lacking, the strain will circulate in the population, and there will be many more chances of exposure to other populations due to travel or migration. This is what leads to influenza pandemics.
Herd immunity is a result of the immune systems of the individuals in a population having the ability to recognize an antigen on the surface of the virus. When the immune system cannot immediately recognize the antigen, it cannot react fast enough to prevent infection. During antigenic drift and shift, the composition of the antigenic proteins change as a result of mutation or gene exchange. Therefore, during such events new strains of the virus are created, and herd immunity for these new strains will be lacking.

Conclusion

Low herd immunity increases the chances for influenza pandemics to occur. When antigenic drift or shift occur, there are changes in the surface antigens of the virus. This means that the immune systems of the individuals in the population cannot immediately recognize the new strains of virus that have formed. Therefore, her immunity is lacking during such events.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.
Why herd immunity would be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs

Introduction:

Viruses may come in more than one strain, varying in their surface antigens. Herd immunity refers to the general resistance of a population to a particular strain of a virus.

Explanation of Solution

When herd immunity for a strain of the influenza virus is high, it means that most individuals in the population won’t be affected by that strain. Consequently, the strain is less likely to spread in the population. This also means that there are fewer instances when the strain reaches other populations during travel, especially if the other population also has high immunity. When herd immunity against a strain is lacking, the strain will circulate in the population, and there will be many more chances of exposure to other populations due to travel or migration. This is what leads to influenza pandemics.
Herd immunity is a result of the immune systems of the individuals in a population having the ability to recognize an antigen on the surface of the virus. When the immune system cannot immediately recognize the antigen, it cannot react fast enough to prevent infection. During antigenic drift and shift, the composition of the antigenic proteins change as a result of mutation or gene exchange. Therefore, during such events new strains of the virus are created, and herd immunity for these new strains will be lacking.

Conclusion

Low herd immunity increases the chances for influenza pandemics to occur. When antigenic drift or shift occur, there are changes in the surface antigens of the virus. This means that the immune systems of the individuals in the population cannot immediately recognize the new strains of virus that have formed. Therefore, her immunity is lacking during such events.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.
Why herd immunity would be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs

Introduction:

Viruses may come in more than one strain, varying in their surface antigens. Herd immunity refers to the general resistance of a population to a particular strain of a virus.

Explanation of Solution

When herd immunity for a strain of the influenza virus is high, it means that most individuals in the population won’t be affected by that strain. Consequently, the strain is less likely to spread in the population. This also means that there are fewer instances when the strain reaches other populations during travel, especially if the other population also has high immunity. When herd immunity against a strain is lacking, the strain will circulate in the population, and there will be many more chances of exposure to other populations due to travel or migration. This is what leads to influenza pandemics.
Herd immunity is a result of the immune systems of the individuals in a population having the ability to recognize an antigen on the surface of the virus. When the immune system cannot immediately recognize the antigen, it cannot react fast enough to prevent infection. During antigenic drift and shift, the composition of the antigenic proteins change as a result of mutation or gene exchange. Therefore, during such events new strains of the virus are created, and herd immunity for these new strains will be lacking.

Conclusion

Low herd immunity increases the chances for influenza pandemics to occur. When antigenic drift or shift occur, there are changes in the surface antigens of the virus. This means that the immune systems of the individuals in the population cannot immediately recognize the new strains of virus that have formed. Therefore, her immunity is lacking during such events.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics.
Why herd immunity would be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs

Introduction:

Viruses may come in more than one strain, varying in their surface antigens. Herd immunity refers to the general resistance of a population to a particular strain of a virus.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

When herd immunity for a strain of the influenza virus is high, it means that most individuals in the population won’t be affected by that strain. Consequently, the strain is less likely to spread in the population. This also means that there are fewer instances when the strain reaches other populations during travel, especially if the other population also has high immunity. When herd immunity against a strain is lacking, the strain will circulate in the population, and there will be many more chances of exposure to other populations due to travel or migration. This is what leads to influenza pandemics.
Herd immunity is a result of the immune systems of the individuals in a population having the ability to recognize an antigen on the surface of the virus. When the immune system cannot immediately recognize the antigen, it cannot react fast enough to prevent infection. During antigenic drift and shift, the composition of the antigenic proteins change as a result of mutation or gene exchange. Therefore, during such events new strains of the virus are created, and herd immunity for these new strains will be lacking.

Answer 13

Conclusion

Low herd immunity increases the chances for influenza pandemics to occur. When antigenic drift or shift occur, there are changes in the surface antigens of the virus. This means that the immune systems of the individuals in the population cannot immediately recognize the new strains of virus that have formed. Therefore, her immunity is lacking during such events.

Answer 14

Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 1ELO Ch. 25.1 - Understand what is meant by antigenic shift and...Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 3ELO Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 4ELO Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 5ELO Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 1CYP Ch. 25.1 - What is unusual about the genome of influenza...Ch. 25.1 - Explain how antigenic shift and drift differ and...Ch. 25.1 - Explain the course of infection and disease and...Ch. 25.1 - Explain generally how flu vaccines are prepared....

a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics. b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?

Solution Summary: The author analyzes the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenza pandemics.

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