Connect With Learnsmart Labs Online Access For Prescott's Microbiology
Connect With Learnsmart Labs Online Access For Prescott's Microbiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781260408997
Author: Joanne Willey
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Higher Education (us)
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Chapter 25.7, Problem 2CC
Summary Introduction

Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing organisms. They lack chlorophyll and have both sexual and asexual reproductive systems. The study of fungi is known as mycology and the study of fungal toxins is known as mycotoxicology. In animals, diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses. There are numerous groups of organisms are classified under fungi, nearly 90,000 fungal species are described. Fungi are defined as eukaryotic terrestrial organisms. They have distributed from polar to nonpolar part in the world. They are saprophytes, obtain nutrients from various dead organic materials by releasing degradative enzymes into their surroundings.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data  (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data  (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data  (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip  (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip    MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.
2. Drug quantification from plasma is commonly performed by using techniques such as HPLC or LC/MS. However, these methods do have limitations, and investigators may choose to use a radiolabeled analog of a drug instead. Radioligands are molecules that contain radioactive isotopes, commonly 3H or 14C. This technique allows investigators to quantify drug concentration from radiation measurements. The following measurements were made in 250 g rats following oral administration of 18.2 µCi of a 14C-labeled drug of interest: Time (min) Plasma Radiation Levels (µCi/L) 0 0.0 2 9.7 4 19.2 7 25.3 9 37.8 12 39.6 14 45.8 17 48.8 20 52.0 25 56.4 30 59.2 35 60.1 40 61.1 45 62.1 50 62.8 60 63.1 70 62.1 80 60.1 90 57.3 100 55.5 110 53.7 120 52.2 150 48.0 180 45.0 240 39.0  Note that a µCi is a measure of the amount of radioactivity and hence is a measure of the amount of drug present.  Given that the oral bioavailability of this drug is known to be essentially 100%, estimate the following from this…
The current nutrition labelling regulation in Hong Kong requires food manufacturer to list E+7 information on the package of pre-packaged food products. Do you think that more nutrients, such as calcium and cholesterol, shall be included?
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