Chapter 25, Problem 25.13E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is to be stated. The direction of the equilibrium shift if the value of blood $\text{pH}$ is increased is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Proteins are the biomolecules which are composed of the long chain of amino acid residues. The protein which contains oxygen and is present in the red blood cells in the body is known as hemoglobin. It contains iron as well.

Answer to Problem 25.13E

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

If the blood $\text{pH}$ is increased then the equilibrium must shift towards the right direction.

Explanation of Solution

The equilibrium reaction that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

In this equilibrium reaction, 1 mole of hemoglobin reacts with 4 moles of oxygen to form $\text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}$ complex which is known as oxyhemoglobin.

In the case of increased $\text{pH}$ of the red blood cells, the hydrogen ion concentration in the cells is low because high $\text{pH}$ value represents the low hydrogen ion concentration and low $\text{pH}$ value represents the high hydrogen ion concentration.

In this case, the equilibrium will shift towards the right direction of the above equilibrium reaction to reimburse the amount of less hydrogen ion.

Therefore, this chemical shift favors the oxyhemoglobin with the help of partial pressure of ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ which is high and increased value of $\text{pH}$.

Conclusion

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin has been stated above. The direction of the equilibrium shift if the value of blood $\text{pH}$ is increased has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is to be stated. The direction of the equilibrium shift if the concentration (pressure) of ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ is increased is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Proteins are the biomolecules which are composed of the long chain of amino acid residues. The protein which contains oxygen and is present in the red blood cells in the body is known as hemoglobin. It contains iron as well.

Answer to Problem 25.13E

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

If the concentration (pressure) of ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ is increased then the equilibrium must shifts towards the right direction.

Explanation of Solution

The equilibrium reaction that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

In this equilibrium reaction, 1 mole of hemoglobin reacts with 4 moles of oxygen to form $\text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}$ complex which is known as oxyhemoglobin.

If the concentration oxygen that is one of the reactant is increased then the equilibrium will shift towards the right direction to reimburse the high amount of starting material. This chemical shift favors the oxyhemoglobin with the help of partial pressure of ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ which is high and increased value of $\text{pH}$.

Conclusion

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin has been stated above. The direction of the equilibrium shift if the concentration (pressure) of ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ is increased has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is to be stated. The direction of the equilibrium shift if the concentration concentration of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ is increased is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Proteins are the biomolecules which are composed of the long chain of amino acid residues. The protein which contains oxygen and is present in the red blood cells in the body is known as hemoglobin. It contains iron as well.

Answer to Problem 25.13E

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

If the concentration of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ is increased then the equilibrium must shifts towards the right direction.

Explanation of Solution

The equilibrium reaction that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

In this equilibrium reaction, 1 mole of hemoglobin reacts with 4 moles of oxygen to form $\text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}$ complex which is known as oxyhemoglobin.

The reversible reaction of hemoglobin with carbon dioxide forms carbaminohemoglobin as shown below.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{HHb}+{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\rightleftharpoons {\text{HHbCO}}_{\text{2}}\\ \text{Carbaminohemoglobin}\end{array}$

Due to the high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood that is one of the reactant, the equilibrium will shift towards the right direction to reimburse the high amount of starting material.

Conclusion

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin has been stated above. The direction of the equilibrium shift if the concentration of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ is increased has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is to be stated. The direction of the equilibrium shift if blood is present in a capillary close to the actively metabolizing tissue cells is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Proteins are the biomolecules which are composed of the long chain of amino acid residues. The protein which contains oxygen and is present in the red blood cells in the body is known as hemoglobin. It contains iron as well.

Answer to Problem 25.13E

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

If blood is present in a capillary close to the actively metabolizing tissue cells then the equilibrium must shifts towards the left direction.

Explanation of Solution

The equilibrium reaction that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin is given below.

$\text{Hb}\left(aq\right)+4{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons \text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\left(aq\right)$

In this equilibrium reaction, 1 mole of hemoglobin reacts with 4 moles of oxygen to form $\text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4}}$ complex which is known as oxyhemoglobin.

In the condition of the presence of blood in a capillary close to the actively metabolizing tissue cells, the oxygenated RBCS are transported by the blood inside the capillaries close to the actively metabolizing cells of the tissues. Therefore, the concentration of hydrogen ion increased in the RBCs that results in a given reversible reaction below.

${\text{H}}^{+}+{\text{HbO}}_{{}_{\text{2}}}^{-}\rightleftharpoons \text{HHb}+{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$

In this condition, the equilibrium will shift towards the left direction to reimburse the high amount of oxygen.

Conclusion

The equilibrium equation that represents the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin has been stated above. The direction of the equilibrium shift if blood is present in a capillary close to the actively metabolizing tissue cells has been stated above.