Chapter 24, Problem 24.114P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed by the fusion of two ${}^{6}Li$ nuclei has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Nuclear fusion is the reaction between two or more nuclei and which comes close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particle.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Energy released during the reaction has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Nuclear binding energy: It is the energy that requires for the breaking one mole of nuclei of an element to its individual nucleons.

  $\text{Nucleus + nuclear binding energy }\underset{}{\to }\text{ nucleons}$

It can be calculated using the given formula,

  $\begin{array}{l}\Delta \text{E = }\Delta {\text{mc}}^2\\ \\ where,\\ \Delta \text{m = Mass Difference}\\ c=\text{ Speed of light}\end{array}$

Change in mass of a given reaction can be determined as given,

  $\Delta m\text{ = }Mass\text{ of reactant}-\text{ Mass of products}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of positron released during the given reaction has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Nuclear reaction: A nuclear reaction in which a lighter nucleus fuses together into new stable nuclei or a heavier nucleus split into stable daughter nuclei with the release of large amount of energy.

Common particles in radioactive decay and nuclear transformations are mentioned below,

  $\begin{array}{cc}\text{Particle}& \text{Symbol}\\ \text{Proton}& {}_{\text{1}}^{\text{1}}\text{H}\text{or}{}_{\text{1}}^{\text{1}}\text{P}\\ \text{Neutron}& {}_{\text{0}}^{\text{1}}\text{n}\\ \text{Electron}& {}_{\text{-1}}^{\text{0}}\text{e}\\ \text{Alpha}\text{particle}& {}_{\text{2}}^{\text{4}}\text{He}\text{or}{}_{\text{2}}^{\text{4}}\text{α}\\ \text{Beta}\text{particle}& {}_{\text{-1}}^{\text{0}}\text{e}\text{or}{}_{\text{-1}}^{\text{0}}\text{β}\\ \text{Positron}& {}_{\text{1}}^{\text{0}}\text{e}\end{array}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Changes in mass per kilogram of dilithium and of Helium-4 have to be compared.

Concept Introduction:

Nuclear binding energy: It is the energy that requires for the breaking one mole of nuclei of an element to its individual nucleons.

  $\text{Nucleus + nuclear binding energy }\underset{}{\to }\text{ nucleons}$

It can be calculated using the given formula,

  $\begin{array}{l}\Delta \text{E = }\Delta {\text{mc}}^2\\ \\ where,\\ \Delta \text{m = Mass Difference}\\ c=\text{ Speed of light}\end{array}$

Change in mass of a given reaction can be determined as given,

  $\Delta m\text{ = }Mass\text{ of reactant}-\text{ Mass of products}$

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Change in mass per kilogram for method used in current fusion reactors has to be compared.

Concept Introduction:

Nuclear binding energy: It is the energy that requires for the breaking one mole of nuclei of an element to its individual nucleons.

  $\text{Nucleus + nuclear binding energy }\underset{}{\to }\text{ nucleons}$

It can be calculated using the given formula,

  $\begin{array}{l}\Delta \text{E = }\Delta {\text{mc}}^2\\ \\ where,\\ \Delta \text{m = Mass Difference}\\ c=\text{ Speed of light}\end{array}$

Change in mass of a given reaction can be determined as given,

  $\Delta m\text{ = }Mass\text{ of reactant}-\text{ Mass of products}$

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Change in mass of the given reaction has to be determined and compared with the value of dilithium reaction.

Concept Introduction:

Nuclear binding energy: It is the energy that requires for the breaking one mole of nuclei of an element to its individual nucleons.

  $\text{Nucleus + nuclear binding energy }\underset{}{\to }\text{ nucleons}$

It can be calculated using the given formula,

  $\begin{array}{l}\Delta \text{E = }\Delta {\text{mc}}^2\\ \\ where,\\ \Delta \text{m = Mass Difference}\\ c=\text{ Speed of light}\end{array}$

Change in mass of a given reaction can be determined as given,

  $\Delta m\text{ = }Mass\text{ of reactant}-\text{ Mass of products}$