Based on valence bond theory , which set of orbitals is used by a period 4 metal ion in forming a square planar complex has to be explained. Concept introduction: According to valence bond theory, complex ions have coordinate covalent bonds between Ligands (Lewis bases) and metal ions (Lewis acids). A coordinate covalent bond is a bond formed when both electrons came from one atom. Valence bond theory, which helps explain bonding and structure in main-group compounds (can also be used to describe bonding in complex ions. In the formation of a complex ion, the filled ligand orbital overlaps an empty metal-ion orbital: the ligand (Lewis base) donates an electron pair, and the metal ion (Lewis acid) accepts it to form a covalent bond in the complex ion (Lewis adduct). A bond in which one atom contributes both electrons is a coordinate covalent bond; once formed, it is identical to any covalent single bond. The VB concept of hybridization proposes mixing particular combinations of s , p , a n d d orbitals to obtain sets of hybrid orbitals, which have specific geometries. Let’s discuss orbital combinations that lead to octahedral, square planar, and tetrahedral geometries.

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Chapter 23, Problem 23.71P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Based on valence bond theory, which set of orbitals is used by a period 4 metal ion in forming a square planar complex has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

According to valence bond theory, complex ions have coordinate covalent bonds between

Ligands (Lewis bases) and metal ions (Lewis acids).

A coordinate covalent bond is a bond formed when both electrons came from one atom.

Valence bond theory, which helps explain bonding and structure in main-group compounds (can also be used to describe bonding in complex ions.

In the formation of a complex ion, the filled ligand orbital overlaps an empty metal-ion

orbital: the ligand (Lewis base) donates an electron pair, and the metal ion (Lewis acid)

accepts it to form a covalent bond in the complex ion (Lewis adduct).

A bond in which one atom contributes both electrons is a coordinate covalent bond; once

formed, it is identical to any covalent single bond.

The VB concept of hybridization proposes mixing particular combinations of s,p, and d orbitals to obtain sets of hybrid orbitals, which have specific geometries.

Let’s discuss orbital combinations that lead to octahedral, square planar, and tetrahedral geometries.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Based on valence bond theory, which set of orbitals is used by a period 4 metal ion in forming a tetrahedral complex has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

According to valence bond theory, complex ions have coordinate covalent bonds between

Ligands (Lewis bases) and metal ions (Lewis acids).

A coordinate covalent bond is a bond formed when both electrons came from one atom.

Valence bond theory, which helps explain bonding and structure in main-group compounds (can also be used to describe bonding in complex ions.

In the formation of a complex ion, the filled ligand orbital overlaps an empty metal-ion

orbital: the ligand (Lewis base) donates an electron pair, and the metal ion (Lewis acid)

accepts it to form a covalent bond in the complex ion (Lewis adduct).

A bond in which one atom contributes both electrons is a coordinate covalent bond; once

formed, it is identical to any covalent single bond.

The VB concept of hybridization proposes mixing particular combinations of s,p, and d orbitals to obtain sets of hybrid orbitals, which have specific geometries.

Let’s discuss orbital combinations that lead to octahedral, square planar, and tetrahedral geometries.

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6. Consider the following exothermic reaction below. 2Cu2+(aq) +41 (aq)2Cul(s) + 12(aq) a. If Cul is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). b. If Cu2+ is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). c. If a solution of AgNO3 is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). d. If the solvent hexane (C6H14) is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). Hint: one of the reaction species is more soluble in hexane than in water. e. If the reaction is cooled, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). f. Which of the changes above will change the equilibrium constant, K?

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