Chapter 23, Problem 23.15P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and the number of unpaired electrons for $C{r}^{3+}$ ion have to be given.

Concept introduction:

The transition elements in Periods 4 and 5 have a general electron configuration of

  $\left[\text{noble gas}\right]{\text{ns}}^{\text{2}}\left(\text{n– 1}\right){\text{d}}^{\text{x}}\text{.}$

Transition metals lose their $ns$ orbital electrons first in forming cations.  After losing the $ns$ electrons, additional electrons may be lost from the $\left(n–1\right)d$ orbitals.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and the number of unpaired electrons for $T{i}^{4+}ions$ have to be given.

Concept introduction:

The transition elements in Periods 4 and 5 have a general electron configuration of

  $\left[\text{noble gas}\right]{\text{ns}}^{\text{2}}\left(\text{n– 1}\right){\text{d}}^{\text{x}}\text{.}$

Transition metals lose their $ns$ orbital electrons first in forming cations.  After losing the $ns$ electrons, additional electrons may be lost from the $\left(n–1\right)d$ orbitals.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and the number of unpaired electrons for $C{o}^{3+}ions$ have to be given.

Concept introduction:

The transition elements in Periods 4 and 5 have a general electron configuration of

  $\left[\text{noble gas}\right]{\text{ns}}^{\text{2}}\left(\text{n– 1}\right){\text{d}}^{\text{x}}\text{.}$

Transition metals lose their $ns$ orbital electrons first in forming cations.  After losing the $ns$ electrons, additional electrons may be lost from the $\left(n–1\right)d$ orbitals.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration and the number of unpaired electrons for $T{a}^{2+}ions$ have to be given.

Concept introduction:

The transition elements in Periods 4 and 5 have a general electron configuration of

  $\left[\text{noble gas}\right]{\text{ns}}^{\text{2}}\left(\text{n– 1}\right){\text{d}}^{\text{x}}\text{.}$

Transition metals lose their $ns$ orbital electrons first in forming cations.  After losing the $ns$ electrons, additional electrons may be lost from the $\left(n–1\right)d$ orbitals.

Transition elements in Periods 6 and 7 have a general electron configuration of

  $\left[\text{noble gas}\right]{\text{ns}}^{\text{2}}\left(\text{n– 2}\right){\text{f}}^{\text{14}}\left(\text{n– 1}\right){\text{d}}^{\text{x}}\text{.}$