Chapter 2.3, Problem 1PPB

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The symbol for each atom is identified.

Concept Introduction:

Conversion of atoms to moles: $\text{no}\text{.of moles = }\frac{\text{no}\text{.of atoms}}{\text{Avogadro's number}}.$

Mass number: The sum of protons and neutrons gives the value of atomic mass.

$\text{A (mass number) = no}\text{.of protons (P) + no}\text{.of neutrons (N)}$

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{The element symbol : }}_Z^A\text{X}\\ \text{where, }\\ \text{A (atomic mass)= no}\text{. of protons + no}\text{.of neutrons}\text{.}\\ \text{Z (atomic number) is same as the protons and electrons}\text{.}\end{array}$

Nuclear stability: The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The strongest nuclear force binds the particles tightly. Though the protons repel each other due to no attraction between similar charges, possess short-range attractions made the attraction possible between proton and proton, proton and neutron, neutron and neutron.

The stability of any element is determined by the difference between coulombic repulsion and the short-range attraction. If repulsion outweighs the attraction, the disintegration of nucleus occurs by producing the daughter nuclides. If the attractive forces prevail, the nucleus is stable.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The symbol for each atom is identified.

Concept Introduction:

Conversion of atoms to moles: $\text{no}\text{.of moles = }\frac{\text{no}\text{.of atoms}}{\text{Avogadro's number}}.$

Mass number: The sum of protons and neutrons gives the value of atomic mass.

$\text{A (mass number) = no}\text{.of protons (P) + no}\text{.of neutrons (N)}$

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{The element symbol : }}_Z^A\text{X}\\ \text{where, }\\ \text{A (atomic mass)= no}\text{. of protons + no}\text{.of neutrons}\text{.}\\ \text{Z (atomic number) is same as the protons and electrons}\text{.}\end{array}$

Nuclear stability: The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The strongest nuclear force binds the particles tightly. Though the protons repel each other due to no attraction between similar charges, possess short-range attractions made the attraction possible between proton and proton, proton and neutron, neutron and neutron.

The stability of any element is determined by the difference between coulombic repulsion and the short-range attraction. If repulsion outweighs the attraction, the disintegration of nucleus occurs by producing the daughter nuclides. If the attractive forces prevail, the nucleus is stable.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The symbol for each atom is identified.

Concept Introduction:

Conversion of atoms to moles: $\text{no}\text{.of moles = }\frac{\text{no}\text{.of atoms}}{\text{Avogadro's number}}.$

Mass number: The sum of protons and neutrons gives the value of atomic mass.

$\text{A (mass number) = no}\text{.of protons (P) + no}\text{.of neutrons (N)}$

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{The element symbol : }}_Z^A\text{X}\\ \text{where, }\\ \text{A (atomic mass)= no}\text{. of protons + no}\text{.of neutrons}\text{.}\\ \text{Z (atomic number) is same as the protons and electrons}\text{.}\end{array}$

Nuclear stability: The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The strongest nuclear force binds the particles tightly. Though the protons repel each other due to no attraction between similar charges, possess short-range attractions made the attraction possible between proton and proton, proton and neutron, neutron and neutron.

The stability of any element is determined by the difference between coulombic repulsion and the short-range attraction. If repulsion outweighs the attraction, the disintegration of nucleus occurs by producing the daughter nuclides. If the attractive forces prevail, the nucleus is stable.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The symbol for each atom is identified.

Concept Introduction:

Conversion of atoms to moles: $\text{no}\text{.of moles = }\frac{\text{no}\text{.of atoms}}{\text{Avogadro's number}}.$

Mass number: The sum of protons and neutrons gives the value of atomic mass.

$\text{A (mass number) = no}\text{.of protons (P) + no}\text{.of neutrons (N)}$

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{The element symbol : }}_Z^A\text{X}\\ \text{where, }\\ \text{A (atomic mass)= no}\text{. of protons + no}\text{.of neutrons}\text{.}\\ \text{Z (atomic number) is same as the protons and electrons}\text{.}\end{array}$

Nuclear stability: The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The strongest nuclear force binds the particles tightly. Though the protons repel each other due to no attraction between similar charges, possess short-range attractions made the attraction possible between proton and proton, proton and neutron, neutron and neutron.

The stability of any element is determined by the difference between coulombic repulsion and the short-range attraction. If repulsion outweighs the attraction, the disintegration of nucleus occurs by producing the daughter nuclides. If the attractive forces prevail, the nucleus is stable.