The nonlethal substitution for single glutamic acid in normal hemoglobin by glutamine is to be explained. Concept introduction: Amino acids are defined as organic compounds which contain amine ( − N H 2 ) and carboxyl ( − C O O H ) functional groups , along with a side chain (R group) attached to each amino acid. Hemoglobin is an oxygen transport metalloprotein, containing iron as a central metal atom. Glutamic acid and glutamine are amino acids produced in the muscles and are used in the biosynthesis of proteins. To determine: The explanation for a nonlethal substitution of glutamic acid by glutamine in hemoglobin.

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There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…

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Chapter 22, Problem 94E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The nonlethal substitution for single glutamic acid in normal hemoglobin by glutamine is to be explained.

Concept introduction: Amino acids are defined as organic compounds which contain amine (−NH2) and carboxyl (−COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) attached to each amino acid. Hemoglobin is an oxygen transport metalloprotein, containing iron as a central metal atom. Glutamic acid and glutamine are amino acids produced in the muscles and are used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

To determine: The explanation for a nonlethal substitution of glutamic acid by glutamine in hemoglobin.

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There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…

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