(a) Interpretation: The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained. Concept Introduction: Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa. Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Question

what are the different classes and some examples of neuroprotectants that can be used to treat, prevent, or combat neurotoxicity/a neurotoxicant...for example, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, etc.,..?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

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what are the different classes and some examples of neuroprotectants that can be used to treat, prevent, or combat neurotoxicity/a neurotoxicant...for example, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, etc.,..?

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To Explain:

The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 18

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 19

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.

Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.

Answer 20

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Ch. 22 - Prob. 1P Ch. 22 - Prob. 2P Ch. 22 - Prob. 3P Ch. 22 - Prob. 4P Ch. 22 - Prob. 5P Ch. 22 - Prob. 6P Ch. 22 - Prob. 7P Ch. 22 - Prob. 8P Ch. 22 - Prob. 9P Ch. 22 - Understanding Enzyme Mechanisms Related to...

Solution Summary: The author explains the effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism.

Chapter 22 Solutions