College Physics
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134601823
Author: ETKINA, Eugenia, Planinšič, G. (gorazd), Van Heuvelen, Alan
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 22, Problem 34P
Gems and critical angles In gemology, two of the most useful pieces of information concerning an unknown gem are the refractive index of the stone and its mass density The refractive index is often determined using a critical angle measurement. Determine the refractive index of the gemstone shown in Figure P22.34. The critical angle for the total reflection of light at the gem-air interface is
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Chapter 22 Solutions
College Physics
Ch. 22 - Prob. 1RQCh. 22 - Review Question 22.2 How can we test the law of...Ch. 22 - Review Question 22.3 Why is the expression light...Ch. 22 -
Review Question 22.4 Why did we study total...Ch. 22 - Review Question 22.5 What is the critical angle...Ch. 22 - Review Question 22.6 Why is the sky blue? Why are...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7RQCh. 22 - 1. How can you convince your friend that a beam of...Ch. 22 - 2. Each point of a light-emitting object
a. sends...Ch. 22 - What is a light ray? a. A thin beam of light b. A...
Ch. 22 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 22 - You fix a point-like light source 3.0m away from a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 22 - A light ray travels through air and then passes...Ch. 22 - 9. A right triangular prism sits on a base A...Ch. 22 - 10. A laser beam travels through oil in a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 22 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 22 - What effects of light radiation and reflection are...Ch. 22 - Prob. 14CQCh. 22 - Prob. 15CQCh. 22 - Explain how a sundial works (a sundial is just a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 17CQCh. 22 - Prob. 18CQCh. 22 - Prob. 19CQCh. 22 - Prob. 20CQCh. 22 - Prob. 21CQCh. 22 - The visible diameters of the Moon and the Sun are...Ch. 22 - The shadow of the Moon on Earth is 200 km wide....Ch. 22 - Prob. 24CQCh. 22 - 25. During the day, you can see the trees in your...Ch. 22 - 26. You look at a fish underwater Draw a ray...Ch. 22 - 27. Take a pencil and try to touch a penny on the...Ch. 22 - 28. Will a beam of light experience total internal...Ch. 22 - Prob. 29CQCh. 22 - Prob. 30CQCh. 22 - Prob. 31CQCh. 22 - Prob. 32CQCh. 22 - 33. What phenomena can be explained using a wave...Ch. 22 - How is it possible that two different models can...Ch. 22 - Oliver has finished building a wall in a house. He...Ch. 22 - Tree height You are standing under a tree. The...Ch. 22 - Lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse happens when the...Ch. 22 - * Shadows during romantic dinner You and a friend...Ch. 22 - * Pinhole camera (camera obscura) You want to make...Ch. 22 - 6. * Solar eclipse Only observers in a very narrow...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7PCh. 22 - An extended light source can be modeled as a group...Ch. 22 - * You have a small mirror. While holding the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 11PCh. 22 - 12. Design a mirror arrangement so that light from...Ch. 22 - Two mirrors are oriented at right angles. A narrow...Ch. 22 - Prob. 14PCh. 22 - A flat mirror is rotated 17 about an axis in the...Ch. 22 - (a) A laser beam passes from air into a 25 glucose...Ch. 22 - 17. A beam of light passes from glass with...Ch. 22 - A beam of light passes from air into a transparent...Ch. 22 - 19. * Moving laser beam An aquarium open at the...Ch. 22 - **Lifting light You have a V-shaped transparent...Ch. 22 - Prob. 21PCh. 22 - Prob. 22PCh. 22 - 23. * BIO Vitreous humor Behind the lens of the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 24PCh. 22 - * Light moving up and toward the right in air...Ch. 22 - * A laser beam is incident at 30 with respect to...Ch. 22 - * Can your light be seen? You swim under water at...Ch. 22 - * Light is incident on the boundary between two...Ch. 22 - 29. Diamond total reflection Determine the...Ch. 22 - Determine the refractive index of a glucose...Ch. 22 - * You wish to use a prism to change the direction...Ch. 22 - * You aim a laser beam (in air) at 80.0 with...Ch. 22 - 33. * Prism total reflection What must be the...Ch. 22 - Gems and critical angles In gemology, two of the...Ch. 22 - (a) The refractive index for the gem aquamarine is...Ch. 22 - 36. * You have three transparent media with...Ch. 22 - 37. (a) Rays of light are incident on a glass-air...Ch. 22 - 42. ** When reaching a boundary between two media,...Ch. 22 - 43. * A laser beam travels from air (n = 1.00)...Ch. 22 - . You sit on a raft and want to orient a mirror so...Ch. 22 - 45. ** Rain sensor Many cars today are equipped...Ch. 22 - Prob. 46PCh. 22 - Prob. 47PCh. 22 - 48. A light ray is incident on a flat piece of...Ch. 22 - 49. * Prism You have a triangular prism made of...Ch. 22 - * You have a candle and a large piece of paper...Ch. 22 - 52. * You place a point-like source of light at...Ch. 22 - 53. ** There is a light pole on one bank of a...Ch. 22 - 54. ** Coated optic fiber An optic fiber of...Ch. 22 - relative to the normal, hits the mirror, reflects,...Ch. 22 - 56. ** A scuba diver stands at the bottom of a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 57RPPCh. 22 - Rainbows How is a rainbow formed? Recall that the...Ch. 22 - Rainbows How is a rainbow formed? Recall that the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 60RPPCh. 22 - Prob. 61RPPCh. 22 - Rainbows How is a rainbow formed? Recall that the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 63RPPCh. 22 - Prob. 64RPPCh. 22 - Rainbows How is a rainbow formed? Recall that the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 66RPPCh. 22 - Prob. 67RPPCh. 22 - Prob. 68RPP
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- Figure P22.16 shows a light ray traveling in a slab of crown glass surrounded by air. The ray is incident on the right surface at an angle of 55 with the normal and then reflects from points A. B, and C. (a) At which of these points does part of the ray enter the air? (b) If the glass slab is surrounded by carbon disulfide, at which point does part of the ray enter the carbon disulfide?arrow_forwardUnreasonable results Light traveling from water to a gemstone strikes the surface at an angle of 80.00 and has an angle of refraction of 15.2°. (a) What is the speed of light in the gemstone? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumptions are unreasonable or inconsistent?arrow_forwardLight is incident on a prism as shown in Figure P38.31. The prism, an equilateral triangle, is made of plastic with an index of refraction of 1.46 for red light and 1.49 for blue light. Assume the apex angle of the prism is 60.00. a. Sketch the approximate paths of the rays for red and blue light as they travel through and then exit the prism. b. Determine the measure of dispersion, the angle between the red and blue rays that exit the prism. Figure P38.31arrow_forward
- Endoscopes are medical instruments used to examine the gastrointestinal tract and other cavities inside the body. The light required for examination is conducted from an outside source along a long, flexible bundle of optical fibers to the tip, where it exits and illuminates the internal cavity. A lens on the lip collects an image of the lighted cavity and another fiber bundle conducts the image back along the endoscope to an eyepiece for viewing (Fig. P22.52). If each fiber in the bundle has diameter d = 1.00 104 m and refractive index n = 1.40, find the smallest outside radius R permitted for a bend in the fiber if no light is to escape. Figure P22.52arrow_forward14. A ray of light strikes the midpoint of one face of an equiangular (60°−60°−60°) glass prism (n = 1.5) at an angle of incidence of 30°. (a) Trace the path of the light ray through the glass and find the angles of incidence and refraction at each surface. (b) If a small fraction of light is also reflected at each surface, what are the angles of reflection at the surfaces?arrow_forwardA person looking into an empty container is able to see the far edge of the containers bottom, as shown in Figure P22.23a. The height of the container is h, and its width is d. When the container is completely filled with a fluid of index of refraction n and viewed from the same angle, the person can see the center of a coin at the middle of the containers bottom, as shown in Figure P22.23b. (a) Show that the ratio h/d is given by hd=n214n2 (b) Assuming the container has a width of 8.00 cm and is filled with water, use the expression above to find the height of the container.arrow_forward
- Figure P35.20 (page 958) shows a curved surface separating a material with index of refraction n1 from a material with index n2. The surface forms an image I of object O. The ray shown in red passes through the surface along a radial line. Its angles of incidence and refraction are both zero, so its direction does not change at the surface. For the ray shown in blue, the direction changes according to Snells law, n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2. For paraxial rays, we assume 1, and 2 are small, so we may write n1 tan 1 = n2 tan 2. The magnification is defined as M = h/h. Prove that the magnification is given by M = n1q/n2p. Figure P35.20arrow_forwardA man shines a flashlight from a boat into the water, illuminating a rock as in Figure P22.21. What is the angle of incidence 1?arrow_forwardA Fermats principle of least time for refraction. A ray of light traveling in a medium with speed v1 leaves point A and strikes the boundary between the incident and transmitted media a horizontal distance x from point A as shown in Figure P38.98. The refracted ray travels with speed v2 in the second medium, eventually reaching point B. The horizontal distance between points A and B is L. a. Calculate the time t required for the light to travel from A to B in terms of the parameters labeled in the figure. b. Now take the derivative of t with respect to x. What is the condition for which the ray of light will take the shortest time to travel from A to B? Figure P38.98arrow_forward
- Figure P36.95 shows a thin converging lens for which the radii of curvature of its surfaces have magnitudes of 9.00 cm and 11.0 cm. The lens is in front of a concave spherical mirror with the radius of curvature R = 8.00 cm. Assume the focal points F1 and F2 of the lens are 5.00 cm from the center of the lens, (a) Determine the index of refraction of the lens material. The lens and mirror are 20.0 cm apart, and an object is placed 8.00 cm to the left of the lens. Determine (b) the position of the filial image and (c) its magnification as seen by the eye in the figure. (d) Is the final image inverted or upright? Explain.arrow_forwardConsider a light ray that enters a pane of glass with air on one side and water on the other side as shown in Figure P38.21. The light ray experiences refraction at the first interface when it enters the glass from the water and again at the second interface when it exits the glass into the air. Assume the index of refraction of the glass is 1.54. For a ray of light, find the angle of incidence 1 in the water such that the ray experiences total internal reflection when it strikes the glassair interface on the other side. FIGURE P38.21arrow_forwardPierre de Fermat (16011665) showed that whenever light travels from one point to another, its actual path is the path that requires the smallest time interval. This statement is known as Fermats principle. The simplest example is for light propagating in a homogeneous medium. It moves in a straight line because a straight line is the shortest distance between two points. Derive Snells law of refraction from Fermats principle. Proceed as follows. In Figure P34.54, a light ray travels from point P in medium 1 to point Q in medium 2. The two points are, respectively, at perpendicular distances a and b from the interface. The displacement from P to Q has the component d parallel to the interface, and we let x represent the coordinate of the point where the ray enters the second medium. Let t = 0 be the instant the light starts from P. (a) Show that the time at which the light arrives at Q is t=r1v1+r2v2=n1a2+x2c+n2b2+(dx)2c (b) To obtain the value of x for which t has its minimum value, differentiate t with respect to x and set the derivative equal to zero. Show that the result implies n1xa2+x2=n2(dx)b2+(dx)2 (c) Show that this expression in turn gives Snells law. n1sin1=n2sin2 Figure P34.54 Problems 54 and 55.arrow_forward
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Laws of Refraction of Light | Don't Memorise; Author: Don't Memorise;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4l2thi5_84o;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY