
Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The series of
Concept introduction:
舧 Formation of isomers is called isomerization. Monosaccharides undergo a series of keto-enol tautomerizations and enolizations and to produce different isomeric forms. In order to preserve the stereochemical nature of the compounds, the formation of such isomeric forms needs to be prevented.
舧 Stereochemistry: A carbon atom is attached to four distinct groups is said to be a stereogenic or chirality center of that molecule. A stereocenter is that point in a molecule where any two groups exchange their positions to form stereoisomers.
舧 The pair of diastereomers that shows different configuration at the chirality center are called epimers. The aldohexoses,
舧 A carbohydrate is a
舧
舧 Carbohydrates are oxidized by
舧 Aldaric acids are carbohydrates having two
舧 Monosaccharides containing six carbon atoms and an
舧 Alditols are compounds produced from aldoses or ketoses on reduction with certain reagents such as sodium borohydride (
舧 Compounds formed by the reaction of reducing sugars with excess of phenyl hydrazine are called osazones. Osazones are products of oxidation and are produced by all reducing sugars.
舧
舧 Fischer projection is a way of representing the structural formulae of compounds through cross formulation of their open chain structures.
舧 Bromine water is an effective reagent that selectively oxidizes the
舧 While dissolved in aqueous bases such as pyridine, monosaccharides undergo complex isomerization as they form different enols and keto-enols. Aldonic acids form epimers (usually at the

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Chapter 22 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-WILEYPLUS ACCESS PKG.
- Show by chemical equation the reaction of [HCN] and [CH3MgBr] with any alarrow_forwardGive the chemical equation for the preparation of: -Any aldehyde -Any keytonearrow_forward+ C8H16O2 (Fatty acid) + 11 02 → 8 CO2 a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? H2o CO₂ c. Which reactant is the electron donor? Futty acid d. Which reactant is the electron acceptor? e. Which of the product is now reduced? f. Which of the products is now oxidized? 02 #20 102 8 H₂O g. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? 2 h. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forward
- → Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + 1FAD + 1ADP 2CO2 + CoA + 3NADH + 1FADH2 + 1ATP a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? c. Which reactant is the electron donor? d. Which reactants are the electron acceptors? e. Which of the products are now reduced? f. Which product is now oxidized? g. Which process was used to produce the ATP? h. Where was the energy initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? i. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? j. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. OCH 3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) Br (Choose one) Explanation Check NO2 (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Aarrow_forwardFor each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Cl O donating O withdrawing ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects O Explanation Check O electron-rich O electron-deficient similar to benzene X © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessarrow_forward
- Identifying electron-donating and For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects NH2 ○ donating NO2 Explanation Check withdrawing no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating O withdrawing O no resonance effects O donating O withdrawing O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Ono resonance effects O electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene olo 18 Ar 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibilityarrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check Х (Choose one) OH (Choose one) OCH3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forwardAssign R or S to all the chiral centers in each compound drawn below porat bg 9 Br Brarrow_forward
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