Chapter 22, Problem 22.53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the conversion of compound (A) to compound (B) has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Acid catalyzed reactions:

In an organic synthesis reactions, most of the reactions are initiated by the abstraction of proton from acids by the reactant.  Sulphuric acid is one of the reagent used for this purposes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the conversion of compound (B) to compound (C) reagents has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Grignard addition:

It is an addition of organomagnesium halide to an aldehyde or ketone, to form a secondary or tertiary alcohol respectively.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the conversion of compound (C) to compound (D) has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Acid catalyzed reactions:

In an organic synthesis reactions, most of the reactions are initiated by the abstraction of proton from acids by the reactant.  Sulphuric acid is one of the reagent used for this purposes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the conversion of compound (d) to amitriptyline reagents has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

S_N2 reaction:

SN2 stands for bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.  In this type of reactions, simultaneous bond breaking and bond making steps are involved.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chirality of amitriptyline and the number of possible stereoisomers has to be checked.

Concept Introduction:

Stereoisomers and chiral:

Isomers differing only in their spatial arrangement of atoms are called as stereoisomers.

The geometric property of a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image is known as chirality.  Chiral carbon is the one which is attached with four different groups or atoms.