
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.
Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:
- Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.
- Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.
- Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.
- Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.
- Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various
functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme. - Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the
oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.
(b)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)
(c)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)
(d)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)
(e)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)
(f)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)
(g)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)
(h)
Interpretation:
The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 22 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biochemistry
- Q5: Label each chiral carbon in the following molecules as R or S. Make sure the stereocenter to which each of your R/S assignments belong is perfectly clear to the grader. (8pts) R OCH 3 CI H S 2pts for each R/S HO R H !!! I OH CI HN CI R Harrow_forwardCalculate the proton and carbon chemical shifts for this structurearrow_forwardA. B. b. Now consider the two bicyclic molecules A. and B. Note that A. is a dianion and B. is a neutral molecule. One of these molecules is a highly reactive compound first characterized in frozen noble gas matrices, that self-reacts rapidly at temperatures above liquid nitrogen temperature. The other compound was isolated at room temperature in the early 1960s, and is a stable ligand used in organometallic chemistry. Which molecule is the more stable molecule, and why?arrow_forward
- A mixture of C7H12O2, C9H9OCl, biphenyl and acetone was put together in a gas chromatography tube. Please decide from the GC resutls which correspond to the peak for C7,C9 and biphenyl and explain the reasoning based on GC results. Eliminate unnecessary peaks from Gas Chromatography results.arrow_forwardIs the molecule chiral, meso, or achiral? CI .CH3 H₂C CIarrow_forwardPLEASE HELP ! URGENT!arrow_forward
- Identify priority of the substituents: CH3arrow_forwardHow many chiral carbons are in the molecule? OH F CI Brarrow_forwardA mixture of three compounds Phen-A, Acet-B and Rin-C was analyzed using TLC with 1:9 ethanol: hexane as the mobile phase. The TLC plate showed three spots of R, 0.1 and 0.2 and 0.3. Which of the three compounds (Phen-A; Acet-B or Rin-C) would have the highest (Blank 1), middle (Blank 2) and lowest (Blank 3) spot respectively? 0 CH: 0 CH, 0 H.C OH H.CN OH Acet-B Rin-C phen-A A A <arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY





