
Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.
a. isogenic lines | 1. Fraternal |
a. QTL | 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
a. response to selection | 3. proportion of total |
a. association mapping | 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
a. MZ twins | 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
a. DZ twins | 6. Identical |
a. congenic lines | 7. measure of evolution |
a. linkage disequilibrium | 8. 0.5 for siblings |
a. heritability | 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
a. genetic relatedness | 10. contain introgressions |

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “isogenic lines” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: An isogenic cell line can be defined as the cell line that is specifically engineered from the parental line through gene mutation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
isogenic lines: homozygous for all genomic regions
Explanation of Solution
Isogenic lines are in some manner related to the lines that are non-genetically modified and from which genetically modified strains are developed.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “QTL” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: QTL stands for quantitative trait loci and is a section of DNA which correlates with the specific variations of quantitative trait.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
QTL: genes contributing to complex traits.
Explanation of Solution
QTL stands for Quantative Trait Loci. These are those segments of the DNA in which genes underlying a quantitative trait are considered. Hence, QTL relates to the genes that contribute towards different tratits.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “response to selection” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Response to selection is associated with the type of advantages and the natural selection.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
response to selection: measure of evolution
Explanation of Solution
Response to various types of selection taking place in a species or in a community is shown as the evolution of the species. It changes the heritable characters over many generations.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “association mapping” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Mapping can be defined as the methods that are used for the identification of gene locus.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
association mapping: takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history.
Explanation of Solution
Mapping of loci contributing towards the quantitative trait is done by the method of association mapping. The process of association mapping takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link the phenotypes and the genotypes.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “MZ twins” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Monozygotic twins are those that are produced with the help of single zygote and possesses similar features.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
MZ twins: identical
Explanation of Solution
An embryo developed by separation of a single zygote gives rise to monozygotic twins. These twins are identical to each other in all aspects, genetically as well as phenotypically.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “DZ twins” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Fertilization leads to the development of the zygote. When two different eggs and sperms are involved in the process, it results in the development of dizygotic twins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
DZ twins: fraternal
Explanation of Solution
Fertilization of two different eggs with the help of two different sperms gives rise to dizygotic twins. These twins are not identical to each other. Dizygotic embryos get implanted in the uterus at the same time. They are also known as fraternal twins.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “congenic lines” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The congenic types of strains are developed in the laboratory conditions by the process of mating of two different inbred strains.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
congenic lines: contains introgressions
Explanation of Solution
Organisms having genetic difference only at a single locus relates to the congenic lines.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “linkage disequilibrium” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The process of linkage and equilibrium of alleles are associated with the process of disequilibrium.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
linkage disequilibrium: blocks of association between variants at different loci
Explanation of Solution
Disequilibrium in the linkage and association of alleles at two or more loci are related to each other. It is the difference between the observed frequencies of a combination of two or more alleles that are present on different loci.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “heritability” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Heritability can be defined as the statistic unit in the field of genetics and breeding that helps in the estimation of degree of variation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
heritability: proportion of phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance
Explanation of Solution
The proportion of the phenotypic variance that to the variation in the genotype is given by heritability.

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genetic relatedness” among the options given below.
1. Fraternal |
2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
5. genes contributing to complex traits |
6. Identical |
7. measure of evolution |
8. 0.5 for siblings |
9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Proportion or amount of genes can be estimated with the help of quantitative estimation that are shared among two persons.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
genetic relatedness: 0.5 for siblings
Explanation of Solution
Quantitative estimation for the proportion of genes that are shared between two individuals is given by genetic relatedness. In a family, siblings from the same parents have a 0.5 genetic relatedness.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 22 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- Skryf n kortkuns van die Egyptians pyramids vertel ñ story. Maximum 500 woordearrow_forward1.)What cross will result in half homozygous dominant offspring and half heterozygous offspring? 2.) What cross will result in all heterozygous offspring?arrow_forward1.Steroids like testosterone and estrogen are nonpolar and large (~18 carbons). Steroids diffuse through membranes without transporters. Compare and contrast the remaining substances and circle the three substances that can diffuse through a membrane the fastest, without a transporter. Put a square around the other substance that can also diffuse through a membrane (1000x slower but also without a transporter). Molecule Steroid H+ CO₂ Glucose (C6H12O6) H₂O Na+ N₂ Size (Small/Big) Big Nonpolar/Polar/ Nonpolar lonizedarrow_forward
- what are the answer from the bookarrow_forwardwhat is lung cancer why plants removes liquid water intead water vapoursarrow_forward*Example 2: Tracing the path of an autosomal dominant trait Trait: Neurofibromatosis Forms of the trait: The dominant form is neurofibromatosis, caused by the production of an abnormal form of the protein neurofibromin. Affected individuals show spots of abnormal skin pigmentation and non-cancerous tumors that can interfere with the nervous system and cause blindness. Some tumors can convert to a cancerous form. i The recessive form is a normal protein - in other words, no neurofibromatosis.moovi A typical pedigree for a family that carries neurofibromatosis is shown below. Note that carriers are not indicated with half-colored shapes in this chart. Use the letter "N" to indicate the dominant neurofibromatosis allele, and the letter "n" for the normal allele. Nn nn nn 2 nn Nn A 3 N-arrow_forward
- I want to be a super nutrition guy what u guys like recommend mearrow_forwardPlease finish the chart at the bottom. Some of the answers have been filled in.arrow_forward9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available. 18 carbons fatty acids 12 carbons 9 glycerol A. Glycerol is broken down to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a glycolysis intermediate via the following pathway shown in the figure below. Notice this process costs one ATP but generates one FADH2. Continue generating ATP with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using the standard pathway and aerobic respiration. glycerol glycerol-3- phosphate…arrow_forward
- Normal dive (for diving humans) normal breathing dive normal breathing Oz level CO2 level urgent need to breathe Oz blackout zone high CO2 triggers breathing 6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in diving humans. How might the location and slope of the O₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • How might the location and slope of the CO₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • • Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above. How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line differ for diving marine mammals? What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?arrow_forwardforaging/diet type teeth tongue stomach intestines cecum Insectivory numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew -- simple short mostly lacking Myrmecophagy absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater extremely long simple, often roughened short small or lacking Terrestrial carnivory sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog -- simple short small Aquatic carnivory homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin -- simple or multichambered (cetaceans only) variable small or absent Sanguinivory very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat grooved tubular, highly extensible long small or lacking Herbivory (except nectivores) incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver -- simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants) long large Filter feeding none…arrow_forward3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 པར『ན་ cm 30 Species B 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 cm 10 Species C 0/4, 0/0,3/3, 3/3 020arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage LearningConcepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...BiologyISBN:9781305117396Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning



