EBK HUMAN BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780100545939
Author: MCMILLAN
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 22, Problem 1CT
Summary Introduction
To propose: Explanation of observations that higher rates of cancer are associated with increasing age.
Introduction: Cancer is caused due to abnormal cell growth. This occurs due to several genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause uncontrolled proliferation of cells. The word tumor is used to refer to swelling, but now it is commonly used to describe the new growth or neoplasm (cancerous growth). The clinical manifestations of cancer are numerous and depend on the variety and intensity of symptoms.
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Describe the role of mismatch repair (MMR) in DNA repair.Why do mutations in MMR proteins increase the risk ofhuman cancer?
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Chapter 22 Solutions
EBK HUMAN BIOLOGY
Ch. 22 - Prob. 1RQCh. 22 - Prob. 2RQCh. 22 - Prob. 3RQCh. 22 - Prob. 4RQCh. 22 - Prob. 5RQCh. 22 - Prob. 6RQCh. 22 - Prob. 1SQCh. 22 - Prob. 2SQCh. 22 - Prob. 3SQCh. 22 - Prob. 4SQ
Ch. 22 - Prob. 5SQCh. 22 - Tumor suppressor genes _____. a. occur normally in...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7SQCh. 22 - The most common therapeutic approaches to treating...Ch. 22 - Prob. 9SQCh. 22 - Prob. 10SQCh. 22 - Prob. 1CTCh. 22 - A textbook on cancer contains the following...Ch. 22 - Ultimately, cancer kills because it spreads and...Ch. 22 - Over the last few months, your best friend, Mark,...Ch. 22 - Some desperate cancer patients consume pills or...
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- You are an expert in DNA-repair mechanisms. You receive a sample of a human cell line derived from a woman who has symptoms of xeroderma pigmentosum. You determine that she has a mutation in a gene that has not been previously associated with XP. How is this possible?arrow_forwardSome initial studies looking at the carcinogenicity of tobacco products took extracts from those products and carried out various mutational assays on them. They rarely found any evidence that tobacco could cause cancer. Why would these experiments provide false negatives?arrow_forwardSuppose that a rare DNA replication error results in the duplication of a single gene, giving the daughter cell two copies of the same gene. How does this change favor the acquisition of a new function by the daughter cell? The copy can undergo a gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutation without altering the original gene's function. The copy has already-formed domains with biological activity, so new functions do not need to evolve de novo. The duplicated gene increases the rate at which the cell can perform the function encoded by the original gene. The two genes can combine to form a new gene that encodes a protein with a new, additional function. The cell can make additional proteins, which then undergo alterations and can give rise to new functions.arrow_forward
- (b): How many forms can naturally occurring DNA exist in? Explain how these forms are characterized. What properties of the functional groups determine the binding of DNA with anti-cancer agents? Explain.arrow_forwardhow can breakdown in dna repair play a key role in the development of human cancers?arrow_forwardA subset of colorectal cancers is associated with mutations in the Mut genes which code for proteins involved in repairing DNA mismatches. How would mutations in the Mut genes affect the DNA of an individual?arrow_forward
- DNA glycosylase inhibitors are used to study which DNA repair mechanism?arrow_forwardAdjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA form dimers with high efficiency after exposure to UV light. If these dimers are not repaired, skin cancers can result. Melanin is a natural sunscreen produced by melanocytes, a type of skin cell, when the skin is exposed to sunlight. Individuals who spend long periods developing a tan eventually acquire a thick and highly wrinkled skin. Such individuals are also at high risk for skin cancer. Can you explain, in general terms, why these phenomena are related?arrow_forwardDoes DNA alterations during DNA replication result in the formation of cancerous cells? And how does it occur? Is it possible to prevent genetic mutations before they emerge in any way? Is there a technology that can detect a change? asaparrow_forward
- Although it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. So why do we still use X-rays in medicine anyway? What precautions need to be taken?arrow_forwardAnother model, the random model, proposes that any cell in a malignant tumor has the potential to form a new tumor. Does the cancer stem cell hypothesis contradict this idea?arrow_forwardAlthough it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?arrow_forward
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