How human genome must have added three times more Alu elements as in chimpanzee’s genome. Introduction: Alu elements are transposable genetic elements , that is, they have the ability to get transferred from one genome location to another genome location through the process of transposition. Transposition is a type of recombination process that causes a transfer of transposable elements from one site in the DNA to another site within a cell. Alu elements are the most abundant transposable elements in the human genome, comprising almost 10 percent.

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foraging/diet type teeth tongue stomach intestines cecum Insectivory numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew -- simple short mostly lacking Myrmecophagy absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater extremely long simple, often roughened short small or lacking Terrestrial carnivory sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog -- simple short small Aquatic carnivory homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin -- simple or multichambered (cetaceans only) variable small or absent Sanguinivory very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat grooved tubular, highly extensible long small or lacking Herbivory (except nectivores) incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver -- simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants) long large Filter feeding none…

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Chapter 21.6, Problem 3CC

Summary Introduction

To explain: How human genome must have added three times more Alu elements as in chimpanzee’s genome.

Introduction: Alu elements are transposable genetic elements, that is, they have the ability to get transferred from one genome location to another genome location through the process of transposition. Transposition is a type of recombination process that causes a transfer of transposable elements from one site in the DNA to another site within a cell. Alu elements are the most abundant transposable elements in the human genome, comprising almost 10 percent.

Summary Introduction

To explain: How difference in the number of Alu elements in genomes has contributed to the evolutionary divergence between human and chimpanzees.

Introduction: Divergent evolution is the formation of new species by the accumulation of changes in a group of an interbreeding population. At the molecular level, the divergence can be caused by the formation of paralogous (by gene duplication) and orthologous genes. Humans and chimpanzees have diverged from their most recent common ancestors about 6 million years ago.

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foraging/diet type teeth tongue stomach intestines cecum Insectivory numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew -- simple short mostly lacking Myrmecophagy absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater extremely long simple, often roughened short small or lacking Terrestrial carnivory sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog -- simple short small Aquatic carnivory homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin -- simple or multichambered (cetaceans only) variable small or absent Sanguinivory very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat grooved tubular, highly extensible long small or lacking Herbivory (except nectivores) incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver -- simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants) long large Filter feeding none…

3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 པར『ན་ cm 30 Species B 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 cm 10 Species C 0/4, 0/0,3/3, 3/3 020

3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 cm 30 Species B 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3 cm 10 Species C 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 E 0 cm 20 AIL