Campbell Biology (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321775658
Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21, Problem 5TYU
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Genes important in the embryonic development ol animals, such as homeobox-coniaining genes, have been relatlvely well conserved during evolution; that is. they are more similar among different species than are many other genes. Explain why this is.
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Rates of evolution appear to vary in different lin-eages. For example, the rate of evolution in the rat lineageis significantly higher than in the human lineage. Theserate differences are apparent whether one looks at changesin nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and are sub-ject to selective pressure or at changes in noncoding nucle-otide sequences, which are not under obvious selectionpressure. Can you offer one or more possible explanationsfor the slower rate of evolutionary change in the humanlineage versus the rat lineage?
. a. If you found a zinc-finger domain (which facilitates DNA binding) in a newly identified gene,what kinds of hypotheses could you make aboutthe gene’s function?b. Suppose that this newly identified gene shares ahigh percentage of similarity throughout its lengthwith a previously characterized gene in the sameorganism. What does this fact suggest about the origin of the two genes? Would you categorize thesegenes as being: (i) homologous, (ii) paralogous, or(iii) orthologous? (More than one answer may apply.)
Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…
Chapter 21 Solutions
Campbell Biology (10th Edition)
Ch. 21.1 - Describe the whole-genome shotgun approach.Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.2 - Explain the advantage of the systems biology...Ch. 21.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS The ENCODE pilot project found...Ch. 21.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS In Concept 20.2, you learned...Ch. 21.3 - The best estimate is that the human genome...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.3 - WHAT IF? What evolutionary processes might...Ch. 21.4 - Discuss the characteristics of mammalian genomes...Ch. 21.4 - VISUAL SKILLS Which of the three mechanisms...
Ch. 21.4 - Contrast the organizations of the rRNA gene family...Ch. 21.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Assign each DNA segment at the...Ch. 21.5 - Describe three examples of errors in cellular...Ch. 21.5 - Explain how multiple exons might have arisen in...Ch. 21.5 - What are three ways that transposable elements are...Ch. 21.5 - WHAT IF? In 2005, Icelandic scientists reported...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21 - How did the Human Genome Project result in more...Ch. 21 - What has been the most significant finding of the...Ch. 21 - Compare genome size, gene number, and gene density...Ch. 21 - Explain how the function of transposable elements...Ch. 21 - How could chromosomal rearrangements lead to the...Ch. 21 - What type of Information can be obtained by...Ch. 21 - Bioinformatics intludes all of the following...Ch. 21 - Homeotic genes (A) encode transcription factors...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 21 - DRAW IT Below are the amino acid sequences(using...Ch. 21 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Genes important in the...Ch. 21 - scientific inquiry The scientists mapping the SNPs...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 21 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Insects have three...
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- concept defines a species as a group of organisms that are capable of exchanging Mayr's genes. O biological species. O cladogenic species O phylogenetic species O evolutionary species O morphospecies Which of the following statements is FALSE? Histone acetylation leads to decreased gene expression. O DNA methylation is associated with epigenetic gene repression. Actually, these are all true statements. O DNA methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases. Histones can be methylated at lysine residues.arrow_forwardGeneticists can synthesize any gene—any stretch of DNA—desired. Suppose you use a tree of genome evolution to predictthe structure of a now nonexistent, ancient gene. What insightsmight you obtain by synthesizing the ancient gene and insertingit into a living animal?arrow_forwardEVOLUTION CONNECTION Ethical considerations aside, ifDNA-based technologies became widely used, discuss how theymight change the way evolution proceeds, as compared withthe natural evolutionary mechanisms that have operated forthe past 4 billion years.arrow_forward
- Full or partial limblessness has evolved many times invertebrates (snakes, lizards, manatees, whales). Do youexpect the mutations that occurred in the evolution oflimblessness to be in the coding or noncoding sequencesof toolkit genes? Why?arrow_forwardAccardng to ledture, which discoveries have forced us to redefine the central dogma of biology (ie create a new paradigm)? Choose the most complete answer. Oeptas and gere interactions, and quantitative loc Question 12 Oalis of the cauRs of incomplete dominance and incomplete penetrance O tomata splang and untranslated RNAS Oe lad hat % of the human genome is composed of repetive elements, and the discovery of telomerase activity AMoirg to the net qAon prevents chaIarrow_forwardComparing DNA sequences in different species indicates that more DNA segments that do not code for protein have been conserved (unchanged) than protein- coding regions. These non-protein-coding regions areinterpreted as gene regulatory elements. Suggest why gene regulatory elements have not undergone many changes during the course of evolution.arrow_forward
- . The physicist Stephen Hawking, famous for his theories about black holes, has lived past the age of 70 withamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a paralyzing neurodegenerative disease that is usually fatal at a muchyounger age. Recently, geneticists discovered that amajor cause of ALS is the unusual expansion of ahexanucleotide repeat (5′-GGGGCC-3′) that lieswithin a gene called C9ORF72, at a location outside ofthe gene’s open reading frame (ORF). A single expanded allele is sufficient to cause ALS, but the reasonthe disease allele is dominant remains unclear. Someexperimental results support the theory that the allelemakes a toxic RNA containing the expanded repeat. Ifthis theory is correct, in what ways is the mutant ALScausing allele similar to the mutant allele that causesHuntington disease? In what ways is it similar to themutant allele that causes fragile X syndrome?arrow_forward37arrow_forwardNeanderthal Hair Color The MCIR gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 14.1 and 15.l revisited), .so loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and .skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resulting in red hair and pa le skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans, To see how the. Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele into cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.1 6). FIGURE 26.16 MC1R activity in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MClR gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is- not related to MC1R. 2. What does this imply about the mutations effect on Neanderthal hair color?arrow_forward
- Neanderthal Hair Color The MCIR gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 14.1 and 15.l revisited), .so loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and .skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resulting in red hair and pa le skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans, To see how the. Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele into cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.1 6). FIGURE 26.16 MC1R activity in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MClR gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is- not related to MC1R. What purpose do the cells with the gene for green fluorescent protein serve in this experiment?arrow_forwardSome of the mammalian Hox genes have been shown tobe more similar to one of the insect Hox genes than to theothers. Describe an experimental approach that wouldenable you to demonstrate this finding in a functionaltest in living flies.arrow_forwardwo genes that evolved from the same common ancestral gene, but are now found as homologs in different organisms, are called. Heterologs Paralogs Pseudologs O Lincolnlogs Orthologsarrow_forward
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