CAMPBELL BIOLOGY (18W)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780136858256
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21.6, Problem 2CC
Summary Introduction
To analyze: The reason that Flies and Mice share similarities in homeotic genes but still they are very different from one another.
Introduction: Genes are considered the hereditary units in organisms which are transported from one generation to another. There are several segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that are unique but there are several stretches that are repeated and are identical in some species in terms of sequences and organization.
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Expression of a homeotic gene in the wrong tissue in Drosophila results in the development of an
inappropriate body part from that tissue. Explain why this happens and how it shows that homeotic
genes are positive regulators of developmental pathways.
Which of the following correctly explains how gene expression can change in a differentiating cell in an animal embryo?A. DNA methylation triggered by apoptosis leads to suppression of some genes and expression of others.B. Presence of germ layers trigger hormonal release from endocrine glands, signaling to certain cells to express genes.C. Cell signals through plasmodesmata allow coordination of cellular activities and cell differentiation.D. Cues from the cytoplasm and from surrounding cells can induce changes in gene expression.
Another way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes?
A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte
B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo
C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryo
Chapter 21 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY (18W)
Ch. 21.1 - Describe the whole-genome shotgun approach.Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.2 - Explain the advantage of the systems biology...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS In Concept 20.2, you learned...Ch. 21.3 - The best estimate is that the human genome...Ch. 21.3 - The Genomes Online Database (GOLD) Website of the...Ch. 21.3 - WHAT IF? What evolutionary processes might...Ch. 21.4 - Discuss the characteristics of mammalian genomes...Ch. 21.4 - VISUAL SKILLS Which of the three mechanisms...
Ch. 21.4 - Contrast the organizations of the rRNA gene family...Ch. 21.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Assign each DNA segment at the...Ch. 21.5 - Describe three examples of errors in cellular...Ch. 21.5 - Explain how multiple exons might have arisen in...Ch. 21.5 - What are three ways that transposable elements are...Ch. 21.5 - WHAT IF? In 2005, Icelandic scientists reported...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21 - How did the Human Genome Project result in more...Ch. 21 - What has been the most significant finding of the...Ch. 21 - Compare genome size, gene number, and gene density...Ch. 21 - Explain how the function of transposable elements...Ch. 21 - How could chromosomal rearrangements lead to the...Ch. 21 - What type of Information can be obtained by...Ch. 21 - Bioinformatics intludes all of the following...Ch. 21 - Homeotic genes (A) encode transcription factors...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 21 - DRAW IT Below are the amino acid sequences(using...Ch. 21 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Genes important in the...Ch. 21 - scientific inquiry The scientists mapping the SNPs...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 21 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Insects have three...
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- You inject bicoid MRNA into the posterior end of a fertilized fruit fly egg just prior to the first cleavage. How will the experiment affect Hox gene expression in this fly? How will it affect the fly embryo's anatomy? Explain your answer, demonstrating your understanding of the role bicoid and Hox genes play in development.arrow_forwardYou discover that zebrafish contain a gene that has a similar sequence to Drosophila abdoless. Describe TWO experiments you would do to test for a similar function.arrow_forwardYou are studying Hox genes in crane flies (Leptotarsus testaceus). The cranefly genome is sequenced, and in craneflies. Using your understanding of Hox genes, design an experiment testing where the homolog of the EVE gene is expressed in cranefly embryos. you have access to this sequence. You are interested in studying the EVE genearrow_forward
- A researcher performs a tissue transplant experiment with an early Drosophila embryo. The researcher observes that transplanting tissue from the area of the embryo that normally becomes the head of the fly to the bottom part of an embryo does not alter the embryological development of that organism. What to conclude from that observation? This observation remains to be explained. The embryo does not produce sufficient survival factors to maintain the transplanted cells. The cell fate of the transplanted cells had not yet been determined. O The transplanted cells all activate the apoptosis response, and thus do not affect the developmental program.arrow_forwardSignal transduction pathways are important mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication in multicellular organisms. How do the target cells typically respond when they receive signals from neighboring cells during very early stages of embryo development? A. The target cells move to one of the poles to establish the anterior-posterior body axis. B. The target cells undergo changes in gene expression, sending them down a specific developmental path. C. The target cells stop dividing so the neighboring cells have time to get to the same stage of development. D. The target cells activate a collection of miRNAs to accelerate transcription and cell division.arrow_forwardScientists have cloned some animals by injecting a nucleus from an early embryo into an enucleated egg cell. Does this outcome demonstrate that genetic material is not lost during development? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- given a situation in which you manipulated a zebrafish embryo by injecting high levels of retinoic acid so that no anterior genes will be expressed. Surprisingly, after embryonic development, you are still able to observed the presence of anterior structures. What could explain this observation? What changes in your experiment would you make to achieve your objective?arrow_forwardDescribe an experiment you could perform or evidence you could observe that would prove that DNA is the genetic material that results in inheritance of traits (through gene expression) in a multicellular animal.arrow_forwardPlease answer question 12arrow_forward
- Some of the mammalian Hox genes have been shown tobe more similar to one of the insect Hox genes than to theothers. Describe an experimental approach that wouldenable you to demonstrate this finding in a functionaltest in living flies.arrow_forwardChimpanzees and humans are almost 99% identical in terms of DNA sequence. However, we are very different to chimpanzees in many ways including appearance. What makes us so different? Please relate in genetics lessons - Developmental Genes, Epigeneticsarrow_forwardWhich statements explain the most likely cause of the difference between the hands of chimpanzees and those of gorillas? Select the three correct answers. O A single nucleotide base in the enhancer sequence changed, which caused an activator protein to bind to the enhancer sequence. Several individual chimpanzees all developed the same mutation at the same time, which caused them to grip branches better. Chimpanzees used their hands for climbing more than gorillas did, so their DNA mutated to disable enhancers and caused their hands to develop differently from those of gorillas. The exchange of pieces of DNA between alleles during sexual reproduction caused new combinations of DNA to form. An individual had a genetic mutation that resulted in a hand structure with a selective advantage that was passed on to offspring. O Mutations in the enhancer sequences in chimpanzees resulted in the production of new activator proteins.arrow_forward
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