Human Anatomy & Physiology Plus Mastering A&P with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (2nd Edition) (What's New in Anatomy & Physiology)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134702339
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21.4, Problem 1QC
How does the pressure gradient between two gas mixtures influence the diffusion of those gases?
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What are 3 physical conditions that can optimize the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane (contained in Fick’s Law)?
The alveoli and blood capillaries make up the gas exchange surface of the lungs, and as the arrows in the diagram (Figure 3) illustrate, this is where oxygen and carbon dioxide move in a particular direction.
a) With reference to simple diffusion, explain why oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the directions illustrated by the arrows.
b) The gas exchange surface is specifically adapted to maximise the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in these illustrated directions. Explain at least three of these adaptations.
What inluences the difusion of a gas across a membrane?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology Plus Mastering A&P with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (2nd Edition) (What's New in Anatomy & Physiology)
Ch. 21.1 - What are the main structures of the respiratory...Ch. 21.1 - 2. Is the larynx part of the upper or lower...Ch. 21.1 - Where are alveoli? What is their basic function?Ch. 21.1 - 4. List and define the four processes that make...Ch. 21.1 - 5. How does the respiratory system contribute to...Ch. 21.1 - List and describe four functions of the...Ch. 21.2 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21.2 - 2. Describe the external and internal structure...Ch. 21.2 - What happens to the glottis and the pitch of the...Ch. 21.2 - 4. What is the function of the tracheal mucosa?
Ch. 21.2 - How does the epithelium of the bronchial tree...Ch. 21.2 - Trace the pathway from the primary bronchi to the...Ch. 21.2 - 7. What structures make up the respiratory...Ch. 21.2 - Explain the structure of the pleural cavities.Ch. 21.3 - What drives the movement of gases?Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2QCCh. 21.3 - 3. What drives the movement of gases during...Ch. 21.3 - What does the intrapleural pressure prevent under...Ch. 21.3 - 5. How are inspiration and expiration achieved?
Ch. 21.3 - 6. What is airway resistance? What is the main...Ch. 21.3 - How does surfactant decrease surface tension?Ch. 21.3 - 8. What is pulmonary compliance? What three...Ch. 21.3 - 9. What are three measurable pulmonary volumes?
Ch. 21.3 - 10. What is the vital capacity?
Ch. 21.4 - 1. How does the pressure gradient between two gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2QCCh. 21.4 - 3. What takes place during pulmonary gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 4QCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.4 - What are three factors that influence the...Ch. 21.5 - How is the majority of oxygen transported through...Ch. 21.5 - How do temperature, pH, PCO2, and BPG affect Hbs...Ch. 21.5 - 3. Why is the S shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin...Ch. 21.5 - What are the three ways in which the body...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 6QCCh. 21.6 - 1. Which steps of respiration rely on partial...Ch. 21.7 - 1. Which collection of neurons generates the...Ch. 21.7 - What are the functions of the dorsal and ventral...Ch. 21.7 - 3. Where are the central chemoreceptors located?...Ch. 21.7 - What do the central chemoreceptors trigger if...Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.8 - 1. What are the differences between obstructive...Ch. 21.8 - 2. What are the three subtypes of COPD? What is...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 3QCCh. 21 - Which of the following are functions of the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2CYRCh. 21 - 3. Mark the following statements as true or false....Ch. 21 - Prob. 4CYRCh. 21 - 5. Fill in the blanks: The structures that vibrate...Ch. 21 - Prob. 6CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 7CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 8CYRCh. 21 - Match each term with the correct definition....Ch. 21 - Prob. 10CYRCh. 21 - Which of the following does not affect the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 12CYRCh. 21 - Fill in the blanks: When the alveolar PO2...Ch. 21 - Prob. 14CYRCh. 21 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21 - 16. Fill in the blanks: Hyperventilation causes...Ch. 21 - The basic rhythm for breathing is maintained by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 18CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 19CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 20CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 4CYUCh. 21 - 1. When a person hyperventilates, what happens to...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 3AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 4AYKACh. 21 - 5. Mrs. Jordan is brought to the emergency room by...Ch. 21 - What happens to the metabolic rate of skeletal...
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- How does the concept of partial pressure explain the diffusion of oxygen into our blood stream? Why does this become more difficult at high altitudes?arrow_forwardWhich of the following factors would NOT increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membrane? A) Increasing the SA/V ratio B) Increasing the partial pressures C) Decreasing the surface area D) Decreasing the thickness of the membrane E) Decreasing the distance the gas has to diffusearrow_forwarda) How much more O2 can be transported by the blood when erythrocytesleave the lungs? Consider that a normal adult has a concentration of 15 g hemoglobin/100 mL of bloodand that the hemoglobin is 98% saturated with O2 at the usual pO2 of 100 torr in the lung at sea level. b) On the basis of the graph, explain how myoglobin facilitates the diffusion of O2 through muscle cells. Would myoglobin be effective as an O2-transport protein in cells of other tissues? Explain.arrow_forward
- List the Diffusion of Gases in Liquids?arrow_forwardWhich of the following mechanisms is not likely to be useful for ventilation in air? A) Ram ventilation B) A and B are not useful C) External medium movement D) None of the choices is useful E) Ciliaarrow_forwardExplain what a partial pressure gradient is and how such gradients figure in gas exchange.arrow_forward
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across our respiratory surface into and out of the blood via simple diffusion. The respiratory membrane is thin so gases diffuse only a short distance through the liquid and into the blood. Fluid buildup in the lungs increases the distance through the liquid medium. How does this impact the concentration of oxygen in the blood? Explain.arrow_forwardThe following image shows the respiratory membrane with its components labelled from A to E. Avpotis Which of the following is the structure labelled "B" in this image? a) Basal lamina b) Endothelium Oc) Surfactant layer d) Simple squamous alveolar epitheliumarrow_forwardGiven the same partial pressure for oxygen and carbon dioxide, which respiratory gas enters a water solution more readily? Explain using Henry’s law.arrow_forward
- The small capillaries in the lungs are in close contact with the alveoli. A red blood cell takes up oxygen during the 0.5 s that it squeezes through a capillary at the surface of an alveolus. What is the diffusion time for oxygen across the 1-μm -thick membrane separating air from blood? Assume that the diffusion coefficient for oxygen in tissue is 2×10−11m2/s. Give your answer to 1 significant figure.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the volume of air inspired at rest? A) Total volume B) Functional residual volume C) Tidal volumearrow_forwardMatch the following statements about ventilation and respiration with whether it is true or false A)intrapulmonary pressure must be higher than atmospheric pressure in order to inhale B)as the volume of a vessel increases, the pressure decreases C)the presence of a thin layer of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura allows us to increase the size of our lungs D)exhaling is an active process requiring muscle contraction E)elastic recoil decreases the volume of the lungsarrow_forward
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