Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions. Concept introduction: Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone .

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 76PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Claisen condensation is a process where a carbon-carbon bond is formed when reaction occurs between two esters or one ester and carbonyl compound in presence of a strong base to form a β -keto ester or a β -diketone, respectively

Deprotonation of α carbon to form ester enolate

Attach of enolate ion with the carbonyl of ester or ketone
(nucleophilic attack)

Loss of alkoxide ion to reform carbonyl

If the starting material has two ester group then intramolecular claisen condensation takes place to form a cyclic structure.

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

To Draw : To draw the structure of product for the given transformation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

When a keto compound is treated with bromine in presence of acid installs α position. The formed brominated compound in presence of pyridine undergoes elimination to form an α,β unsaturated ketone. Treatment of α,β unsaturated ketone with lithium dialkyl cuprate installs alkyl group at the β position via Michael addition. This when treated with methyl iodide installs a methyl group at α position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Carbonyl compound when treated with LDA undergoes deprotonation at the α carbon to form enolate. The enolate formed is resonance stabilized as the negative charge will be spread over other atoms too. The resonance stabilized intermediate undergoes reaction with other molecule of carbonyl (same or different) to form the respective products. If LDA is used as a base the less substituted α carbon is deprotonated due to steric hindrance.

Deprotonation of α carbon to form enolate

Nucleophilic attack of enolate

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In the video, we looked at the absorbance of a certain substance and how it varies depending on what wavelength of light we are looking at. Below is a similar scan of a different substance. What color BEST describes how this substance will appear? Absorbance (AU) Violet Blue Green Orange 1.2 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.2 0.0 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength (nm) violet indigo blue green yellow orange red Red O Cannot tell from this information In the above graph, what causes -450 nm wavelength of light to have a higher absorbance than light with a -550 nm wavelength? Check all that are true. The distance the light travels is different The different data points are for different substances The concentration is different at different times in the experiment Epsilon (molar absortivity) is different at different wavelengths

5. a. Data were collected for Trial 1 to determine the molar mass of a nonvolatile solid solute when dissolved in cyclo- hexane. Complete the table for the analysis (See Report Sheet). Record calculated values with the correct number of significant figures. B. Freezing Point of Cyclohexane plus Calculation Zone Unknown Solute 2. Mass of cyclohexane (g) 10.14 Part C.4 3. Mass of added solute (g) 0.255 C. Calculations 1. k; for cyclohexane (°C⚫ kg/mol) 20.0 2. Freezing point change, AT, (°C) 3.04 Part C.6 3. Mass of cyclohexane in solution (kg) 4. Moles of solute, total (mol) Show calculation. 5. Mass of solute in solution, total (g) 6. Molar mass of solute (g/mol) Show calculation.

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 76PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Claisen condensation is a process where a carbon-carbon bond is formed when reaction occurs between two esters or one ester and carbonyl compound in presence of a strong base to form a β -keto ester or a β -diketone, respectively

Deprotonation of α carbon to form ester enolate

Attach of enolate ion with the carbonyl of ester or ketone
(nucleophilic attack)

Loss of alkoxide ion to reform carbonyl

If the starting material has two ester group then intramolecular claisen condensation takes place to form a cyclic structure.

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

To Draw : To draw the structure of product for the given transformation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

When a keto compound is treated with bromine in presence of acid installs α position. The formed brominated compound in presence of pyridine undergoes elimination to form an α,β unsaturated ketone. Treatment of α,β unsaturated ketone with lithium dialkyl cuprate installs alkyl group at the β position via Michael addition. This when treated with methyl iodide installs a methyl group at α position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Carbonyl compound when treated with LDA undergoes deprotonation at the α carbon to form enolate. The enolate formed is resonance stabilized as the negative charge will be spread over other atoms too. The resonance stabilized intermediate undergoes reaction with other molecule of carbonyl (same or different) to form the respective products. If LDA is used as a base the less substituted α carbon is deprotonated due to steric hindrance.

Deprotonation of α carbon to form enolate

Nucleophilic attack of enolate

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 76PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Claisen condensation is a process where a carbon-carbon bond is formed when reaction occurs between two esters or one ester and carbonyl compound in presence of a strong base to form a β -keto ester or a β -diketone, respectively

Deprotonation of α carbon to form ester enolate

Attach of enolate ion with the carbonyl of ester or ketone
(nucleophilic attack)

Loss of alkoxide ion to reform carbonyl

If the starting material has two ester group then intramolecular claisen condensation takes place to form a cyclic structure.

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

To Draw : To draw the structure of product for the given transformation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

When a keto compound is treated with bromine in presence of acid installs α position. The formed brominated compound in presence of pyridine undergoes elimination to form an α,β unsaturated ketone. Treatment of α,β unsaturated ketone with lithium dialkyl cuprate installs alkyl group at the β position via Michael addition. This when treated with methyl iodide installs a methyl group at α position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Carbonyl compound when treated with LDA undergoes deprotonation at the α carbon to form enolate. The enolate formed is resonance stabilized as the negative charge will be spread over other atoms too. The resonance stabilized intermediate undergoes reaction with other molecule of carbonyl (same or different) to form the respective products. If LDA is used as a base the less substituted α carbon is deprotonated due to steric hindrance.

Deprotonation of α carbon to form enolate

Nucleophilic attack of enolate

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 76PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Claisen condensation is a process where a carbon-carbon bond is formed when reaction occurs between two esters or one ester and carbonyl compound in presence of a strong base to form a β -keto ester or a β -diketone, respectively

Deprotonation of α carbon to form ester enolate

Attach of enolate ion with the carbonyl of ester or ketone
(nucleophilic attack)

Loss of alkoxide ion to reform carbonyl

If the starting material has two ester group then intramolecular claisen condensation takes place to form a cyclic structure.

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

To Draw : To draw the structure of product for the given transformation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

When a keto compound is treated with bromine in presence of acid installs α position. The formed brominated compound in presence of pyridine undergoes elimination to form an α,β unsaturated ketone. Treatment of α,β unsaturated ketone with lithium dialkyl cuprate installs alkyl group at the β position via Michael addition. This when treated with methyl iodide installs a methyl group at α position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Carbonyl compound when treated with LDA undergoes deprotonation at the α carbon to form enolate. The enolate formed is resonance stabilized as the negative charge will be spread over other atoms too. The resonance stabilized intermediate undergoes reaction with other molecule of carbonyl (same or different) to form the respective products. If LDA is used as a base the less substituted α carbon is deprotonated due to steric hindrance.

Deprotonation of α carbon to form enolate

Nucleophilic attack of enolate

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 76PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Claisen condensation is a process where a carbon-carbon bond is formed when reaction occurs between two esters or one ester and carbonyl compound in presence of a strong base to form a β -keto ester or a β -diketone, respectively

Deprotonation of α carbon to form ester enolate

Attach of enolate ion with the carbonyl of ester or ketone
(nucleophilic attack)

Loss of alkoxide ion to reform carbonyl

If the starting material has two ester group then intramolecular claisen condensation takes place to form a cyclic structure.

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

To Draw : To draw the structure of product for the given transformation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

When a keto compound is treated with bromine in presence of acid installs α position. The formed brominated compound in presence of pyridine undergoes elimination to form an α,β unsaturated ketone. Treatment of α,β unsaturated ketone with lithium dialkyl cuprate installs alkyl group at the β position via Michael addition. This when treated with methyl iodide installs a methyl group at α position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Carbonyl compound when treated with LDA undergoes deprotonation at the α carbon to form enolate. The enolate formed is resonance stabilized as the negative charge will be spread over other atoms too. The resonance stabilized intermediate undergoes reaction with other molecule of carbonyl (same or different) to form the respective products. If LDA is used as a base the less substituted α carbon is deprotonated due to steric hindrance.

Deprotonation of α carbon to form enolate

Nucleophilic attack of enolate

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 76PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 76PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Claisen condensation is a process where a carbon-carbon bond is formed when reaction occurs between two esters or one ester and carbonyl compound in presence of a strong base to form a β -keto ester or a β -diketone, respectively

Deprotonation of α carbon to form ester enolate

Attach of enolate ion with the carbonyl of ester or ketone
(nucleophilic attack)

Loss of alkoxide ion to reform carbonyl

If the starting material has two ester group then intramolecular claisen condensation takes place to form a cyclic structure.

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

To Draw : To draw the structure of product for the given transformation

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Claisen condensation is a process where a carbon-carbon bond is formed when reaction occurs between two esters or one ester and carbonyl compound in presence of a strong base to form a β -keto ester or a β -diketone, respectively

Deprotonation of α carbon to form ester enolate

Attach of enolate ion with the carbonyl of ester or ketone
(nucleophilic attack)

Loss of alkoxide ion to reform carbonyl

If the starting material has two ester group then intramolecular claisen condensation takes place to form a cyclic structure.

Ester when treated with aqueous acid undergoes hydrolysis to form carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acid having a carbonyl group in the β position undergoes decarboxylation to give a ketone.

To Draw : To draw the structure of product for the given transformation

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

When a keto compound is treated with bromine in presence of acid installs α position. The formed brominated compound in presence of pyridine undergoes elimination to form an α,β unsaturated ketone. Treatment of α,β unsaturated ketone with lithium dialkyl cuprate installs alkyl group at the β position via Michael addition. This when treated with methyl iodide installs a methyl group at α position.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

When a keto compound is treated with bromine in presence of acid installs α position. The formed brominated compound in presence of pyridine undergoes elimination to form an α,β unsaturated ketone. Treatment of α,β unsaturated ketone with lithium dialkyl cuprate installs alkyl group at the β position via Michael addition. This when treated with methyl iodide installs a methyl group at α position.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Carbonyl compound when treated with LDA undergoes deprotonation at the α carbon to form enolate. The enolate formed is resonance stabilized as the negative charge will be spread over other atoms too. The resonance stabilized intermediate undergoes reaction with other molecule of carbonyl (same or different) to form the respective products. If LDA is used as a base the less substituted α carbon is deprotonated due to steric hindrance.

Deprotonation of α carbon to form enolate

Nucleophilic attack of enolate

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of the products obtained need to be drawn for the given set of reactions.

Concept introduction:

Carbonyl compound when treated with LDA undergoes deprotonation at the α carbon to form enolate. The enolate formed is resonance stabilized as the negative charge will be spread over other atoms too. The resonance stabilized intermediate undergoes reaction with other molecule of carbonyl (same or different) to form the respective products. If LDA is used as a base the less substituted α carbon is deprotonated due to steric hindrance.

Deprotonation of α carbon to form enolate

Nucleophilic attack of enolate

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 4PTS Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 5ATS Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 9CC

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Chapter 21 Solutions