The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated. Concept introduction: A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.1E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Explanation of Solution

Ionic crystals are composed of cations and anions. The negatively and positively charged ions in the native state are placed by each other. The attraction between these ions is strong and due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard.

The normal lattice becomes distorted once a crystal is stressed. Due to this distortion, the same charge ions come close together. Hence, they repel each other and causes destabilization of the crystal. Thus, due to destabilization, ionic crystal is easy to break.

Conclusion

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

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32. Consider a two-state system in which the low energy level is 300 J mol 1 and the higher energy level is 800 J mol 1, and the temperature is 300 K. Find the population of each level. Hint: Pay attention to your units. A. What is the partition function for this system? B. What are the populations of each level? Now instead, consider a system with energy levels of 0 J mol C. Now what is the partition function? D. And what are the populations of the two levels? E. Finally, repeat the second calculation at 500 K. and 500 J mol 1 at 300 K. F. What do you notice about the populations as you increase the temperature? At what temperature would you expect the states to have equal populations?

30. We will derive the forms of the molecular partition functions for atoms and molecules shortly in class, but the partition function that describes the translational and rotational motion of a homonuclear diatomic molecule is given by Itrans (V,T) = = 2πmkBT h² V grot (T) 4π²IKBT h² Where h is Planck's constant and I is molecular moment of inertia. The overall partition function is qmolec Qtrans qrot. Find the energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Helmholtz free energy for the translational and rotational modes of 1 mole of oxygen molecules and 1 mole of iodine molecules at 50 K and at 300 K and with a volume of 1 m³. Here is some useful data: Moment of inertia: I2 I 7.46 x 10- 45 kg m² 2 O2 I 1.91 x 101 -46 kg m²

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.1E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Explanation of Solution

Ionic crystals are composed of cations and anions. The negatively and positively charged ions in the native state are placed by each other. The attraction between these ions is strong and due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard.

The normal lattice becomes distorted once a crystal is stressed. Due to this distortion, the same charge ions come close together. Hence, they repel each other and causes destabilization of the crystal. Thus, due to destabilization, ionic crystal is easy to break.

Conclusion

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.1E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Explanation of Solution

Ionic crystals are composed of cations and anions. The negatively and positively charged ions in the native state are placed by each other. The attraction between these ions is strong and due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard.

The normal lattice becomes distorted once a crystal is stressed. Due to this distortion, the same charge ions come close together. Hence, they repel each other and causes destabilization of the crystal. Thus, due to destabilization, ionic crystal is easy to break.

Conclusion

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.1E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Explanation of Solution

Ionic crystals are composed of cations and anions. The negatively and positively charged ions in the native state are placed by each other. The attraction between these ions is strong and due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard.

The normal lattice becomes distorted once a crystal is stressed. Due to this distortion, the same charge ions come close together. Hence, they repel each other and causes destabilization of the crystal. Thus, due to destabilization, ionic crystal is easy to break.

Conclusion

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.1E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Explanation of Solution

Ionic crystals are composed of cations and anions. The negatively and positively charged ions in the native state are placed by each other. The attraction between these ions is strong and due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard.

The normal lattice becomes distorted once a crystal is stressed. Due to this distortion, the same charge ions come close together. Hence, they repel each other and causes destabilization of the crystal. Thus, due to destabilization, ionic crystal is easy to break.

Conclusion

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.1E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Explanation of Solution

Ionic crystals are composed of cations and anions. The negatively and positively charged ions in the native state are placed by each other. The attraction between these ions is strong and due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard.

The normal lattice becomes distorted once a crystal is stressed. Due to this distortion, the same charge ions come close together. Hence, they repel each other and causes destabilization of the crystal. Thus, due to destabilization, ionic crystal is easy to break.

Conclusion

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.1E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason as to why ionic crystals are brittle on the basis of an atomic-level is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A substance that is hard but easy to break is known as a brittle substance. Ionic crystal is composed of positively charge ion, cations and negatively charged ion, anions. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of the points in a crystal.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Ionic crystals are composed of cations and anions. The negatively and positively charged ions in the native state are placed by each other. The attraction between these ions is strong and due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard.

The normal lattice becomes distorted once a crystal is stressed. Due to this distortion, the same charge ions come close together. Hence, they repel each other and causes destabilization of the crystal. Thus, due to destabilization, ionic crystal is easy to break.

Answer 12

Conclusion

Due to the strong interactions between the ions, the ionic crystal is hard, but once distortion occurs in the crystal, the repulsion of ions take place which results in the destabilization of the crystal. This destabilization causes crystal to break.

Answer 13

Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.1E Ch. 21 - Boron nitride, BN, is a very hard material, harder...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.3E Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.4E Ch. 21 - Figure 21.35 shows a unit cell of diamond....Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.6E Ch. 21 - How many different unit cells can a crystal have...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.8E Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.9E Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.10E

Concept explainers

Answer to Problem 21.1E

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 21 Solutions