One of the most survival challenges for all living organisms is to fight with the pathogen that includes viruses, bacteria, fungi , protozoa and other microbes. The human body consists of three lines of defense mechanism to fight against the pathogenic microbes. In the first line of defense mechanism includes the skin, mucous membranes and epithelial cells that act as barriers. In the second line of defense mechanism, immune cells like macrophages and leukocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever are involved in the protection against the pathogenic microbes. In the third line of defense mechanism which is involved not only to clear the microbes and but also leaves the body with its memory.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 16TYR

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

One of the most survival challenges for all living organisms is to fight with the pathogen that includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other microbes. The human body consists of three lines of defense mechanism to fight against the pathogenic microbes. In the first line of defense mechanism includes the skin, mucous membranes and epithelial cells that act as barriers. In the second line of defense mechanism, immune cells like macrophages and leukocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever are involved in the protection against the pathogenic microbes. In the third line of defense mechanism which is involved not only to clear the microbes and but also leaves the body with its memory.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

2. Drug quantification from plasma is commonly performed by using techniques such as HPLC or LC/MS. However, these methods do have limitations, and investigators may choose to use a radiolabeled analog of a drug instead. Radioligands are molecules that contain radioactive isotopes, commonly 3H or 14C. This technique allows investigators to quantify drug concentration from radiation measurements. The following measurements were made in 250 g rats following oral administration of 18.2 µCi of a 14C-labeled drug of interest: Time (min) Plasma Radiation Levels (µCi/L) 0 0.0 2 9.7 4 19.2 7 25.3 9 37.8 12 39.6 14 45.8 17 48.8 20 52.0 25 56.4 30 59.2 35 60.1 40 61.1 45 62.1 50 62.8 60 63.1 70 62.1 80 60.1 90 57.3 100 55.5 110 53.7 120 52.2 150 48.0 180 45.0 240 39.0 Note that a µCi is a measure of the amount of radioactivity and hence is a measure of the amount of drug present. Given that the oral bioavailability of this drug is known to be essentially 100%, estimate the following from this…

The current nutrition labelling regulation in Hong Kong requires food manufacturer to list E+7 information on the package of pre-packaged food products. Do you think that more nutrients, such as calcium and cholesterol, shall be included?