How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock. Concept introduction: All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

help tutor please

Q8. A researcher wants to study the effectiveness of a pill intended to reduce stomach heartburn in pregnant women. The researcher chooses randomly 400 women to participate in this experiment for 9 months of their pregnancy period. They all need to have the same diet. The researcher designs two groups of 200 participants: One group take the real medication intended to reduce heartburn, while the other group take placebo medication. In this study what are: Independent variable: Dependent variable: Control variable: Experimental group: " Control group: If the participants do not know who is consuming the real pills and who is consuming the sugar pills. This study is It happens that 40% of the participants do not find the treatment helpful and drop out after 6 months. The researcher throws out the data from subjects that drop out. What type of bias is there in this study? If the company who makes the medication funds this research, what type of bias might exist in this research work?

How do I determine the inhertiance pattern from the pedigree diagram?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Answer 6

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Answer 7

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Answer 12

Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 1SAQ Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 2SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 3SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 4SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 5SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 6SAQ Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 7SAQ Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 8SAQ Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 9SAQ Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 10SAQ

Concept explainers

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 20 Solutions