To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases. Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 4E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To compare: The solubility of glycocholic acid and the product formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the change in the bile acid solubility makes it less toxic to bacteria.

Concept introduction: Bile acids are the steroid acids present in the bile. They are found in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.

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a) What are the differences between the Direct & Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? (0.5 mark) b) What are the advantages of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? (0.5 mark) c) A Super-Resolution Imaging Technique was developed in 2018 using imidazole, a His-tag ligand conjugated with a fluorophore to report the presence of a recombinant His-tag protein target, (Sci Rep, 2018, 8:5507). How does this technique improve the image quality? (2 marks)

a) What are the differences between the Direct & Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? b) What are the advantages of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? c) A Super-Resolution Imaging Technique was developed in 2018 using imidazole, a His-tag ligand conjugated with a fluorophore to report the presence of a recombinant His-tag protein target, (Sci Rep, 2018, 8:5507). How does this technique improve the image quality?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 4E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To compare: The solubility of glycocholic acid and the product formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the change in the bile acid solubility makes it less toxic to bacteria.

Concept introduction: Bile acids are the steroid acids present in the bile. They are found in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 4E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To compare: The solubility of glycocholic acid and the product formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the change in the bile acid solubility makes it less toxic to bacteria.

Concept introduction: Bile acids are the steroid acids present in the bile. They are found in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 4E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To compare: The solubility of glycocholic acid and the product formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the change in the bile acid solubility makes it less toxic to bacteria.

Concept introduction: Bile acids are the steroid acids present in the bile. They are found in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 4E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To compare: The solubility of glycocholic acid and the product formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the change in the bile acid solubility makes it less toxic to bacteria.

Concept introduction: Bile acids are the steroid acids present in the bile. They are found in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 4E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 4E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The product that is formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To compare: The solubility of glycocholic acid and the product formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To compare: The solubility of glycocholic acid and the product formed when the bacteria that live in the large intestine metabolizes glycocholic acid using amidases and hydroxylases.

Concept introduction: Glycocholic acid is also known as cholylglycine, which is a crystalline bile acid. It is involved in the emulsification of fats. In the bile of mammals, cholylglycine occurs as a salt in the bile of mammals. The anion of glycocholine is called glycocholate.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the change in the bile acid solubility makes it less toxic to bacteria.

Concept introduction: Bile acids are the steroid acids present in the bile. They are found in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the change in the bile acid solubility makes it less toxic to bacteria.

Concept introduction: Bile acids are the steroid acids present in the bile. They are found in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 20 - Prob. 1E Ch. 20 - 2. Identify die products generated by the action...Ch. 20 - 3. (a) What is. the charge of bile acids in the...Ch. 20 - 4. Bacteria that live in the large intestine...Ch. 20 - Prob. 5E Ch. 20 - 6. Adipocytes store fat in phospholipid-coaled...Ch. 20 - Prob. 7E Ch. 20 - Prob. 8E Ch. 20 - 9. The first three steps of ? oxidation (Fig....Ch. 20 - Prob. 10E

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