The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown. Concept introduction: An electron withdrawing nature is related to the p K a value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are p K a value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pKa value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the pH value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are pKa value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 20.2C - Prob. 20.1P Ch. 20.2C - Name the following carboxylic acids (when...Ch. 20.4B - Rank the compounds in each set in order of...Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 20.4P Ch. 20.5 - Phenols are less acidic than carboxylic acids,...Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 20.6P Ch. 20.7A - Prob. 20.7P Ch. 20.7B - Prob. 20.8P Ch. 20.7D - Draw all four resonance forms of the fragment at...Ch. 20.7D - a. Why do most long-chain fatty acids show a large...

Solution Summary: The author explains the arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity. An electron withdrawing nature is related to the pK_a value of compound.

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