Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 20, Problem 1DAA
Adapting to Host Defenses Surface proteins called HLAs allow white blood cells to detect HIV particles and fight an infection. In a recent study, scientists tested whether HIV is adapting to this host defense. They did so by looking at the frequency of a specific mutation (1135X) in HIV. This “escape mutation” helps the virus avoid detection by a version of the HLA protein (HLA-B*51) that is common in some regions of the world, but not in others. FIGURE 20.19 shows the percentage of HIV-positive people who had HIV with the 1135X mutation. Data were collected at medical centers from several parts of the world.
FIGURE 20.19 Regional variation in the frequency of the 1135X escape mutation among HIV-positive people. For each region, pink bars represent the percentage of people whose blood cells have HLA-B*51. and thus cannot detect 1135X mutants. Blue bars represent the percentage of people with other versions of the HLA protein. These people have blood cells that can detect and fight HIV even if it has the 1135X mutation.
1. What percentage of people with H LA-B*51 in Vancouver had HIV with the escape mutation for this protein?
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This is a hypothetical scenario.
A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world. If a vaccine that stops transmission of all current circulating variants of the virus in humans is utilized and herd immunity is achieved throughout the world, would this essentially stop 1) further transmission of the virus; 2) further mutation of the virus, respectively? Why/why not? Please answer the question succinctly and in bullet points!
The envelope protein gp120 (Glycoprotein 120) is required for the
attachment of the HIV virus to CD 4 receptors of target host cells.
Identify the immune cells that consist of CD 4 receptors?
Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own cells contain human RNA and DNA, the activation of innate immune pathways by these PRRs must rely on additional criteria to discriminate self from nonself. Additional criteria include everything EXCEPT:
The subcellular location of the RNA
The presence of adenosine residues in viral RNA
The methylation state of the DNA
Unique structures found on viral RNA
The subcellular location of the DNA
Chapter 20 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 20 - Prob. 1SQCh. 20 - Prob. 2SQCh. 20 - Prob. 3SQCh. 20 - Prob. 4SQCh. 20 - __________ do not reproduce sexually. a....Ch. 20 - Prob. 6SQCh. 20 - Adapting to Host Defenses Surface proteins called...Ch. 20 - Prob. 2DAACh. 20 - Prob. 3DAACh. 20 - Adapting to Host Defenses Surface proteins called...
Ch. 20 - Prob. 7SQCh. 20 - Bacteria that serve as decomposers are ___ . a....Ch. 20 - Prob. 9SQCh. 20 - Formation of a(n) ___ allows some soil bacteria to...Ch. 20 - Prob. 11SQCh. 20 - Prob. 12SQCh. 20 - Which of these diseases is caused by bacteria? a....Ch. 20 - Prob. 14SQCh. 20 - Prob. 15SQCh. 20 - If a cut or scrape becomes infected,...Ch. 20 - The adenoviruses that cause colds do not have a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3CTCh. 20 - Prob. 4CT
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