The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1CC

To determine

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1CC

Solution:

The energy released from core helium fusion enlarges the star's core, which decreases the rate of reaction for both the hydrogen fusion in shell and the helium fusion in core. With a less rate of energy liberated in and around the star’s core, the luminosity of star also decreases. These stars are called horizontal branch stars because the changes in luminosity are very less.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Most stars have the same chemical composition but the difference in stars depend on the two primary properties like their surface temperature and luminosities. These two properties vary from one star to another. H-R diagrams or hertz sprung- Russell diagrams are a graphical tool used by astronomers for the classification of stars according to their spectral type, luminosity, temperature, color, evolutionary track, and temperature.

Explanation:

During helium fusion in core, the surrounding hydrogen fusion in the shell of the star provides most of the red giant’s luminosity and helium flash is not observed. The core expands when core helium fusion begins as a result of which the temperature of the core decreases. The cooling of the core indirectly cools the surrounding hydrogen fusing shell, due to which the shell liberates energy slowly. Hence, the luminosity decreases a bit after core helium fusion begins.

The contraction of star’s external layer is because of the slow energy release. While shrinking, there is an increase in the star’s surface temperature. So, the evolutionary track of the star moves to the left in the H-R diagram. In this stage, the changes in luminosity are very low due to which a horizontal shift can be seen in the evolutionary track, along the path which is referred as the horizontal branch.

Conclusion:

The fusion of helium enlarges the core which decreases the energy of both the hydrogen fusion in the shell and the helium fusion in core. This decrease in rate of energy decreases the luminosity of the stars. These stars are called horizontal branch stars.

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I. Pushing on a File Cabinet Bob has been asked to push a heavy file cabinet down the hall to another office. It's not on rollers, so there is a lot of friction. At time t = 0 seconds, he starts pushing it from rest with increasing force until it starts to move at t = 2 seconds. He pushes the file cabinet down the hall with varying amounts of force. The velocity versus time graph of the cabinet is shown below. A. On the graphs provided below, 1. draw the net force vs. time that would produce this velocity graph; 2. draw the friction force vs. time for this motion; 3. draw the applied force (Fon Cabinet by Bob) VS. time for this motion (the first two seconds of this graph have been drawn for you). Velocity (m/s) Applied Force (N) Friction Force (N) Net Force (N) A -m B -U time (s) D time (s) time (s) time (s)

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1CC

To determine

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1CC

Solution:

The energy released from core helium fusion enlarges the star's core, which decreases the rate of reaction for both the hydrogen fusion in shell and the helium fusion in core. With a less rate of energy liberated in and around the star’s core, the luminosity of star also decreases. These stars are called horizontal branch stars because the changes in luminosity are very less.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Most stars have the same chemical composition but the difference in stars depend on the two primary properties like their surface temperature and luminosities. These two properties vary from one star to another. H-R diagrams or hertz sprung- Russell diagrams are a graphical tool used by astronomers for the classification of stars according to their spectral type, luminosity, temperature, color, evolutionary track, and temperature.

Explanation:

During helium fusion in core, the surrounding hydrogen fusion in the shell of the star provides most of the red giant’s luminosity and helium flash is not observed. The core expands when core helium fusion begins as a result of which the temperature of the core decreases. The cooling of the core indirectly cools the surrounding hydrogen fusing shell, due to which the shell liberates energy slowly. Hence, the luminosity decreases a bit after core helium fusion begins.

The contraction of star’s external layer is because of the slow energy release. While shrinking, there is an increase in the star’s surface temperature. So, the evolutionary track of the star moves to the left in the H-R diagram. In this stage, the changes in luminosity are very low due to which a horizontal shift can be seen in the evolutionary track, along the path which is referred as the horizontal branch.

Conclusion:

The fusion of helium enlarges the core which decreases the energy of both the hydrogen fusion in the shell and the helium fusion in core. This decrease in rate of energy decreases the luminosity of the stars. These stars are called horizontal branch stars.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1CC

To determine

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1CC

Solution:

The energy released from core helium fusion enlarges the star's core, which decreases the rate of reaction for both the hydrogen fusion in shell and the helium fusion in core. With a less rate of energy liberated in and around the star’s core, the luminosity of star also decreases. These stars are called horizontal branch stars because the changes in luminosity are very less.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Most stars have the same chemical composition but the difference in stars depend on the two primary properties like their surface temperature and luminosities. These two properties vary from one star to another. H-R diagrams or hertz sprung- Russell diagrams are a graphical tool used by astronomers for the classification of stars according to their spectral type, luminosity, temperature, color, evolutionary track, and temperature.

Explanation:

During helium fusion in core, the surrounding hydrogen fusion in the shell of the star provides most of the red giant’s luminosity and helium flash is not observed. The core expands when core helium fusion begins as a result of which the temperature of the core decreases. The cooling of the core indirectly cools the surrounding hydrogen fusing shell, due to which the shell liberates energy slowly. Hence, the luminosity decreases a bit after core helium fusion begins.

The contraction of star’s external layer is because of the slow energy release. While shrinking, there is an increase in the star’s surface temperature. So, the evolutionary track of the star moves to the left in the H-R diagram. In this stage, the changes in luminosity are very low due to which a horizontal shift can be seen in the evolutionary track, along the path which is referred as the horizontal branch.

Conclusion:

The fusion of helium enlarges the core which decreases the energy of both the hydrogen fusion in the shell and the helium fusion in core. This decrease in rate of energy decreases the luminosity of the stars. These stars are called horizontal branch stars.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1CC

To determine

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1CC

Solution:

The energy released from core helium fusion enlarges the star's core, which decreases the rate of reaction for both the hydrogen fusion in shell and the helium fusion in core. With a less rate of energy liberated in and around the star’s core, the luminosity of star also decreases. These stars are called horizontal branch stars because the changes in luminosity are very less.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Most stars have the same chemical composition but the difference in stars depend on the two primary properties like their surface temperature and luminosities. These two properties vary from one star to another. H-R diagrams or hertz sprung- Russell diagrams are a graphical tool used by astronomers for the classification of stars according to their spectral type, luminosity, temperature, color, evolutionary track, and temperature.

Explanation:

During helium fusion in core, the surrounding hydrogen fusion in the shell of the star provides most of the red giant’s luminosity and helium flash is not observed. The core expands when core helium fusion begins as a result of which the temperature of the core decreases. The cooling of the core indirectly cools the surrounding hydrogen fusing shell, due to which the shell liberates energy slowly. Hence, the luminosity decreases a bit after core helium fusion begins.

The contraction of star’s external layer is because of the slow energy release. While shrinking, there is an increase in the star’s surface temperature. So, the evolutionary track of the star moves to the left in the H-R diagram. In this stage, the changes in luminosity are very low due to which a horizontal shift can be seen in the evolutionary track, along the path which is referred as the horizontal branch.

Conclusion:

The fusion of helium enlarges the core which decreases the energy of both the hydrogen fusion in the shell and the helium fusion in core. This decrease in rate of energy decreases the luminosity of the stars. These stars are called horizontal branch stars.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 1CC

To determine

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1CC

Solution:

The energy released from core helium fusion enlarges the star's core, which decreases the rate of reaction for both the hydrogen fusion in shell and the helium fusion in core. With a less rate of energy liberated in and around the star’s core, the luminosity of star also decreases. These stars are called horizontal branch stars because the changes in luminosity are very less.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Most stars have the same chemical composition but the difference in stars depend on the two primary properties like their surface temperature and luminosities. These two properties vary from one star to another. H-R diagrams or hertz sprung- Russell diagrams are a graphical tool used by astronomers for the classification of stars according to their spectral type, luminosity, temperature, color, evolutionary track, and temperature.

Explanation:

During helium fusion in core, the surrounding hydrogen fusion in the shell of the star provides most of the red giant’s luminosity and helium flash is not observed. The core expands when core helium fusion begins as a result of which the temperature of the core decreases. The cooling of the core indirectly cools the surrounding hydrogen fusing shell, due to which the shell liberates energy slowly. Hence, the luminosity decreases a bit after core helium fusion begins.

The contraction of star’s external layer is because of the slow energy release. While shrinking, there is an increase in the star’s surface temperature. So, the evolutionary track of the star moves to the left in the H-R diagram. In this stage, the changes in luminosity are very low due to which a horizontal shift can be seen in the evolutionary track, along the path which is referred as the horizontal branch.

Conclusion:

The fusion of helium enlarges the core which decreases the energy of both the hydrogen fusion in the shell and the helium fusion in core. This decrease in rate of energy decreases the luminosity of the stars. These stars are called horizontal branch stars.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 1CC

To determine

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1CC

Solution:

The energy released from core helium fusion enlarges the star's core, which decreases the rate of reaction for both the hydrogen fusion in shell and the helium fusion in core. With a less rate of energy liberated in and around the star’s core, the luminosity of star also decreases. These stars are called horizontal branch stars because the changes in luminosity are very less.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Most stars have the same chemical composition but the difference in stars depend on the two primary properties like their surface temperature and luminosities. These two properties vary from one star to another. H-R diagrams or hertz sprung- Russell diagrams are a graphical tool used by astronomers for the classification of stars according to their spectral type, luminosity, temperature, color, evolutionary track, and temperature.

Explanation:

During helium fusion in core, the surrounding hydrogen fusion in the shell of the star provides most of the red giant’s luminosity and helium flash is not observed. The core expands when core helium fusion begins as a result of which the temperature of the core decreases. The cooling of the core indirectly cools the surrounding hydrogen fusing shell, due to which the shell liberates energy slowly. Hence, the luminosity decreases a bit after core helium fusion begins.

The contraction of star’s external layer is because of the slow energy release. While shrinking, there is an increase in the star’s surface temperature. So, the evolutionary track of the star moves to the left in the H-R diagram. In this stage, the changes in luminosity are very low due to which a horizontal shift can be seen in the evolutionary track, along the path which is referred as the horizontal branch.

Conclusion:

The fusion of helium enlarges the core which decreases the energy of both the hydrogen fusion in the shell and the helium fusion in core. This decrease in rate of energy decreases the luminosity of the stars. These stars are called horizontal branch stars.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 1CC

To determine

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1CC

Solution:

The energy released from core helium fusion enlarges the star's core, which decreases the rate of reaction for both the hydrogen fusion in shell and the helium fusion in core. With a less rate of energy liberated in and around the star’s core, the luminosity of star also decreases. These stars are called horizontal branch stars because the changes in luminosity are very less.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Most stars have the same chemical composition but the difference in stars depend on the two primary properties like their surface temperature and luminosities. These two properties vary from one star to another. H-R diagrams or hertz sprung- Russell diagrams are a graphical tool used by astronomers for the classification of stars according to their spectral type, luminosity, temperature, color, evolutionary track, and temperature.

Explanation:

During helium fusion in core, the surrounding hydrogen fusion in the shell of the star provides most of the red giant’s luminosity and helium flash is not observed. The core expands when core helium fusion begins as a result of which the temperature of the core decreases. The cooling of the core indirectly cools the surrounding hydrogen fusing shell, due to which the shell liberates energy slowly. Hence, the luminosity decreases a bit after core helium fusion begins.

The contraction of star’s external layer is because of the slow energy release. While shrinking, there is an increase in the star’s surface temperature. So, the evolutionary track of the star moves to the left in the H-R diagram. In this stage, the changes in luminosity are very low due to which a horizontal shift can be seen in the evolutionary track, along the path which is referred as the horizontal branch.

Conclusion:

The fusion of helium enlarges the core which decreases the energy of both the hydrogen fusion in the shell and the helium fusion in core. This decrease in rate of energy decreases the luminosity of the stars. These stars are called horizontal branch stars.

Answer 12

Ch. 20 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 20 - Prob. 10CC

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Concept explainers

The reason due to which the helium fusion in a star’s core, that releases energy, actually lead to a decrease in its luminosity. Also, mention the name of these stars in the HR diagram.

Answer to Problem 1CC

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 20 Solutions