Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781259709227
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor, Heidi Smith
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 20, Problem 14Q
Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that the normal biota of GI tract seems to include a lot of disease-causing organisms.

Introduction:

Gastrointestinal tract or digestive tract is responsible for ingesting and digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. The alimentary canal is a passage through which the food passes in our body. It includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that if microbiota are “normal” then why they are called potential pathogens.

Introduction:

The human body is occupied with various non-pathogenic normal microbiota, which prevents the entry of pathogenic microbes. For example, the normal microbiota of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus among others prevents microbial infection in different body regions.

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a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent.  b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved
If you wanted to reduce the difference between peak and trough levels that occur with repeated administration of a drug, how would you adjust the dose and dose interval without changing the plateau concentration (plateau is the average of peak and trough levels)? Select your answers for both dose and interval. Hint: It may be helpful to think about this problem using an example such as food. How would you eat if you wanted to maintain very steady hunger/satiety levels without changing your total caloric intake? Options: A. Dose; Increase dose     B. Dose; Decrease dose     C. Dose; Do not change dose     D. Interval; Increase the interval between doses (give the drug less frequently)    E. Interval; Decrease the interval between doses (give the drug more frequently)     F. Interval; Do not change the interval
What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. Show the math
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