How a proper application of Koch’s postulates would have prevented the misnaming of Haemophilus influenzae , which was named so because researchers isolated the organism from flu patients. Introduction : Haemophilus influenzae is an extremely small Gram negative parasitic bacterium, belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family, which requires heme in blood and NAD+ to thrive. It has virulence factors like polysaccharide capsule and K antigens that help it to cause infection. Even though it’s named so , H. influenzae do not cause flu, but it causes some fatal conditions in children like severe epiglottis, meningitis, and arthritis. Thus the name given to this bacterium is a misnomer, after it was named according to Koch’s postulates.

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Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 20, Problem 11CT

Summary Introduction

To determine:

How a proper application of Koch’s postulates would have prevented the misnaming of Haemophilus influenzae, which was named so because researchers isolated the organism from flu patients.

Introduction:

Haemophilus influenzae is an extremely small Gram negative parasitic bacterium, belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family, which requires heme in blood and NAD+ to thrive. It has virulence factors like polysaccharide capsule and K antigens that help it to cause infection. Even though it’s named so, H. influenzae do not cause flu, but it causes some fatal conditions in children like severe epiglottis, meningitis, and arthritis. Thus the name given to this bacterium is a misnomer, after it was named according to Koch’s postulates.

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Kinetics: One-Compartment First-Order Absorption 1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple routes of administration provides greater insight than a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250-g rats following bolus IV, oral (PO), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration. Using this data and set of graphs, determine:(calculate for each variable) (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e)absolute ip bioavailability, Fip (f) absolute po bioavailability, Fpo

3. A promising new drug is being evaluated in human trials. Based on preliminary human tests, this drug is most effective when plasma levels exceed 30 mg/L. Measurements from preliminary tests indicate the following human pharmacokinetic parameter values: t1/2,elim = 4.6hr, t1/2,abs = 0.34hr, VD = 0.29 L/kg, Foral = 72%. Based on these parameters, estimate the following if a 49 kg woman were to receive a 1000mg oral dose of this drug: (a) Estimate the plasma concentration of the drug at 1hr, 6 hr, and 20hr after taking the drug ( Concentration estimate) (b) Estimate the time for maximum plasma concentration (tmax). (c) Estimate the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). (d) Estimate the time at which the plasma level first rises above 30 mg/L. (Note this is a trial and error problem where you must guess a time, plug it into the concentration equation, and determine if it is close to 30 mg/L. Hint: based on part (a) it should be apparent that the answer is less than 1hr.) (e)…

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Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 20, Problem 11CT

Summary Introduction

To determine:

How a proper application of Koch’s postulates would have prevented the misnaming of Haemophilus influenzae, which was named so because researchers isolated the organism from flu patients.

Introduction:

Haemophilus influenzae is an extremely small Gram negative parasitic bacterium, belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family, which requires heme in blood and NAD+ to thrive. It has virulence factors like polysaccharide capsule and K antigens that help it to cause infection. Even though it’s named so, H. influenzae do not cause flu, but it causes some fatal conditions in children like severe epiglottis, meningitis, and arthritis. Thus the name given to this bacterium is a misnomer, after it was named according to Koch’s postulates.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 20, Problem 11CT

Summary Introduction

To determine:

How a proper application of Koch’s postulates would have prevented the misnaming of Haemophilus influenzae, which was named so because researchers isolated the organism from flu patients.

Introduction:

Haemophilus influenzae is an extremely small Gram negative parasitic bacterium, belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family, which requires heme in blood and NAD+ to thrive. It has virulence factors like polysaccharide capsule and K antigens that help it to cause infection. Even though it’s named so, H. influenzae do not cause flu, but it causes some fatal conditions in children like severe epiglottis, meningitis, and arthritis. Thus the name given to this bacterium is a misnomer, after it was named according to Koch’s postulates.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 20, Problem 11CT

Summary Introduction