Chapter 2, Problem 9P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stronger base between $B{r}^{-}$ and $I^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

Size affecting the stability of the base: In order to determine the strength of the base, the size of an atom overrides electronegativity. As the atoms get larger and the stability of the anions increases even though the electronegativity of the atoms decreases. Stability of the bases increases going down the group. Stable bases are weak bases.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stronger base between $C{H}_3{O}^{-}$ and $C{H}_3{S}^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

Size affecting the stability of the base: In order to determine the strength of the base, the size of an atom overrides electronegativity. As the atoms get larger and the stability of the anions increases even though the electronegativity of the atoms decreases. Stability of the bases increases going down the group. Stable bases are weak bases.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stronger base between $C{H}_{3}C{H}_2{O}^{-}$ and $C{H}_{3}CO{O}^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

Electronegativity depends on the acidity of a species. Order of electronegativity of hybridization is $sp>s{p}^2>s{p}^3$ so $s{p}^3$ hybridized molecule is weak acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stronger base between $H_{2}C=\stackrel{-}{C}H$ and $HC\equiv C^{-}$ has to be identified..

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

Electronegativity depends on the acidity of a species. Order of electronegativity of hybridization is $sp>s{p}^2>s{p}^3$ so $s{p}^3$ hybridized molecule is weak acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

 The strongest base between $FC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}CO{O}^{-}$ and $BrC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}CO{O}^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

Effect of Inductive electron withdrawal on Acidity: Replacing a Hydrogen with an electronegative substituent pulls bonding electrons toward itself; increases the strength of the acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The strongest base between $ClC{H}_{2}C{H}_2{O}^{-}$ and $ClCHC{H}_2{O}^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.