Chapter 2, Problem 42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

True and false

Meaning of “energy is quantized” that only certain energy values are allowed.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on it own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

Electrons might be promoted only to the higher energy orbitals of certain fixed energy values; the value in between are not allowed. Thus, the given statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

True and false

According to Bohr energy of an electron in an atom is quantized.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The electron in an atom don’t move freely in the space around the nucleus. The electrons move in certain fixed orbitals which have certain energy levels. Thus, the energy of the electrons in an atom is quantized. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

True and false

Electrons present in the atoms are confined to regions of space known as “principle energy levels”.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

Though there is significantly large space outside the nucleus, the electrons are confined to particular regions around the nucleus. These regions are called the “principle energy levels” or shells. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

True and false

Each principal energy level might hold the maximum of two electrons.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

False.

Explanation of Solution

Each principal energy level or shell contains of varying number of subshells s, p, d, f. Thus, the number of electrons in each principal energy level also varies. The subshells (s) might hold a maximum of the two electrons, while the subshells p, d, f might hold the maximum 8, 18 and 32 electrons respectively. Therefore, the provided statement is False.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

True and false

An electron in a 1s orbital is held closer to the nucleus than an electron in a 2s orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The 1s orbital lies in the first principal energy level, whereas the 2s orbital lies in the second principal energy level. The initial principal energy level is nearer to the nucleus as compared to the second. Therefore, the electron in the 1s orbital is nearer to the nucleus than that in the 2s orbital. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

True and false

An electron in a 2s orbital is harder to remove from an atom than an electron in a 2s orbital.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

False.

Explanation of Solution

The electron in the 1s orbital is closer to the nucleus than the electron in the 2s orbital. So, the nuclear attraction on the electrons in the 1s orbital is greater than on those in the 2s orbital. Therefore, a higher energy is needed to remove the inner 1s electron compared to the 2s electron. So, the electron in 1s orbital is harder to remove from an atom than an electron in a 2s orbital. Therefore, the provided statement is False.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

True and false

An s orbital has the shape of a sphere, with the nucleus at the center of the sphere.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The shapes of the orbitals represent the electron density that is the probability of finding the electrons. For an s orbital, the electron density is spherical around the nucleus. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

True and false

Each 2p orbital has the shape of a dumbbell, with the nucleus at the midpoint of the dumbbell.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

For a 2p orbital the electron density is a dumbbell shaped, with the nucleus at the midpoint of the dumbbell. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(i)

Interpretation:

True and false

The three 2p orbitals in an atom are aligned parallel to each other.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

False.

Explanation of Solution

Each 2p orbital has the shape of the dumbbell, and the three 2p orbitals 2p_x, 2p_y, 2p_z are at the right angles to each other with each orbital on x, y, z axis. Therefore, the provided statement is False.

Interpretation Introduction

(j)

Interpretation:

True and false

An orbital is a region of space that can hold two electrons.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

In an atom, shells are divided into subshells, and within these subshells, electrons are grouped in orbitals with each orbital holding a maximum of two electrons. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(k)

Interpretation:

True and false

The second shell contains one ‘s’ orbital and three ‘p’ orbitals.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The second shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons. These electrons can occupy the 2s and 2p orbitals. The 2s orbital is a single s orbital and holds two electrons. The 2p orbitals in sets of three and hold six electrons. Thus, the second shell one s orbital and three p orbitals. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(l)

Interpretation:

True and false

In the ground-state electron configuration of an atom, only the lowest-energy orbitals are occupied.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The electron configuration of an atom provides description of the orbitals in which the electrons are occupied. In the ground-state electron configuration, electrons occupy the orbital the orbital of lower energy first. All other orbitals of higher energy are empty. Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(m)

Interpretation:

True and false

A spinning electron behaves as a tiny bar magnet, with a North Pole and South Pole.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

A spinning electron produces a tiny magnetic field, aligning itself in the north-south direction. Thus, a spinning electron is considered as a tiny bar magnet, with a North Pole and a South Pole.

Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(n)

Interpretation:

True and false

An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with their spins paired.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. When magnetic field of two electrons are aligned in opposite directions, the electrons are said to be spin-paired.

Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(o)

Interpretation:

True and false

Paired electrons spins mean that the two electrons are aligned with their spins North Pole to North Pole and South Pole to South Pole.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

False.

Explanation of Solution

When magnetic fields of two electrons are aligned in opposite directions, the electrons are said to be spin-paired. Paired electron spins mean that the two electrons are aligned with their spins, North Pole to South Pole and South Pole to North Pole.

Therefore, the provided statement is False.

Interpretation Introduction

(p)

Interpretation:

True and false

An orbital box diagram puts all of the electrons of an atom in one box with their spins aligned.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

False.

Explanation of Solution

The orbital box diagrams are used to represent the electrons. In this diagram, each box represents an orbital, so each box will hold a maximum of two electrons. An unpaired electron is represented by an arrow with its head up, whereas two electrons with paired spins are represented by a pair of arrows with heads in opposite directions. So the orbital box diagram doesn’t fill all of the electrons an atom in one box with their spins aligned.

Therefore, the provided statement is False.

Interpretation Introduction

(q)

Interpretation:

True and false

An orbital box diagram of a carbon atom shows two unpaired electrons.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

A neutral carbon atom has six electrons. Two electrons are placed in the 1s orbital and two electrons are placed in the 2s orbital. The electrons in 1s an 2s orbitals are paired. The remaining two electrons are placed each in 2p_x, 2p_y orbitals.

Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(r)

Interpretation:

True and false

A Lewis dot structure shows only the electrons in the valence shell of an atom of the element.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

When writing a Lewis dot structure for an atom, the symbol of an element is surrounded with dots. These dots represent the number of valence electrons in the outermost shell of an atom of the element.

Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(s)

Interpretation:

True and false

A characteristic of Group 1A elements is that each has one unpaired electron in its outermost occupied (valence) shell.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The group number provided the number of valence electrons in the outer shell of an atom. As the elements in Group 1A have only one valance electrons, it is always unpaired.

Therefore, the provided statement is True.

Interpretation Introduction

(t)

Interpretation:

True and false

A characteristic of Group 6A elements is that each has six unpaired electrons in its outermost occupied (valence) shell.

Concept Introduction:

There are four quantum numbers which explains the position of electrons in an atom. Below are details:

• Principle Quantum Number (n) - It explains the size of electron exist in the orbital.
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) − It explains the orbitals’ shape.
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) − It explains about the orbital’s orientation in the space.
• Electron Spin Number (ms) − It explains about the direction which an electron spins on its own axis.

Answer to Problem 42P

False.

Explanation of Solution

The group number gives the number of valence electrons in the outer shell of an atom, and not the number of unpaired electrons. Group 6A elements have six valence electrons. Out of the six valence electrons, two electrons occupy the 2s orbital. The remaining four electrons occupy the 2p orbital such that two electrons are paired in a 2p_x orbital, whereas two unpaired electrons remain in 2p_y and 2p_z.

Therefore, the provided statement is False.