Atkins' Physical Chemistry
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780198769866
Author: ATKINS, P. W. (peter William), De Paula, Julio, Keeler, JAMES
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Chapter 2, Problem 2A.3AE
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The work done by the system under the given conditions has to be calculated.
Concept introduction: The first law of
The work under the influence of an external pressure is either done by the system or on the system. The formula to calculate the work done against an external pressure is given below as,
The negative sign in the above equation shows that the work is done by the system.
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Students have asked these similar questions
On the next page is an LC separation of the parabens found in baby wash. Parabens are
suspected in a link to breast cancer therefore an accurate way to quantitate them is desired.
a. In the chromatogram, estimate k' for ethyl paraben. Clearly indicate what values you used for
all the terms in your calculation.
b. Is this a "good" value for a capacity factor? Explain.
c. What is the resolution between n-Propyl paraben and n-Butyl paraben? Again, indicate clearly
what values you used in your calculation.
MAU
| Methyl paraben
40
20
0
-2
Ethyl paraben n-Propyl paraben
n-Butyl paraben
App ID 22925
6
8
min
d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count
and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship
between k' and N.
Plate Count (N)
4000
3500
2500
2000
1500
1000
Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22
nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000
Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain
k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS
(30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different
compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All
columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles,
except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other
chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm,
column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C,
and injection volume 0.5 μL
Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene)
FMS
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ;
500
0
5
10…
f. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7
would change if the temperature were raised
from 40 °C to 55 °C.
Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four
nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red;
nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS
phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6
mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection
volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the
plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion.
Reduced Plate Height (h)
°
20
40
60
Reduced Velocity (v)
8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and
standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are
obtained:
Ppb benzene
Peak area benzene
Peak area toluene
10.0
252
376
Sample
533
368
What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Atkins' Physical Chemistry
Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.1STCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.1STCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.2STCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.1STCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.2STCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.1STCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.2STCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.1DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.2DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.3DQ
Ch. 2 - Prob. 2A.4DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.5DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.1AECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.1BECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.2AECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.2BECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.3AECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.3BECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.4AECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.4BECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.5AECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.5BECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.6AECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.6BECh. 2 - Prob. 2A.1PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.2PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.3PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.4PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.5PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.6PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.7PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.8PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.9PCh. 2 - Prob. 2A.10PCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.1DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.2DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.1AECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.1BECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.2AECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.2BECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.3AECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.3BECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.4AECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.4BECh. 2 - Prob. 2B.1PCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.2PCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.3PCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.4PCh. 2 - Prob. 2B.5PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.1DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.2DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.3DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.4DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.1AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.1BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.2AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.2BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.3AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.3BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.4AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.4BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.5AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.5BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.6AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.6BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.7AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.7BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.8AECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.8BECh. 2 - Prob. 2C.1PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.2PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.3PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.4PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.5PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.6PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.7PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.8PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.9PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.10PCh. 2 - Prob. 2C.11PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.1DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.2DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.1AECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.1BECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.2AECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.2BECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.3AECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.3BECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.4AECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.4BECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.5AECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.5BECh. 2 - Prob. 2D.1PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.2PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.3PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.4PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.5PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.6PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.7PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.8PCh. 2 - Prob. 2D.9PCh. 2 - Prob. 2E.1DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2E.2DQCh. 2 - Prob. 2E.1AECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.1BECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.2AECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.2BECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.3AECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.3BECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.4AECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.4BECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.5AECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.5BECh. 2 - Prob. 2E.1PCh. 2 - Prob. 2E.2PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.1IACh. 2 - Prob. 2.3IACh. 2 - Prob. 2.4IACh. 2 - Prob. 2.5IACh. 2 - Prob. 2.6IACh. 2 - Prob. 2.7IA
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