Chapter 2, Problem 2.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Methyl cation would be attracted to the given ions or molecule and type of the intermolecular force involved in the attraction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other due to strong intermolecular attractions. Ionic compounds are composed of oppositely charged particles held by the electrostatic force of attraction or ion-ion attractions. Ion-ion interactions are the strongest intermolecular interactions because ions have very high concentrations of position and negative charge. Covalent compounds containing an electronegative atom having lone pair of electrons can attract cations.

Answer to Problem 2.43P

Water will be attracted to methyl cation ${\text{(CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}})$.

Explanation of Solution

The methyl cation is ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$. It is a positively charged ion and thus, it can be attracted to the negatively charged ion or the molecule having an atom with a lone pair of electrons. Water is a polar molecule. There are two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom in water. Thus, water is attracted to ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$. The dipole-dipole intermolecular forces are involved in the attraction.

Conclusion

Polar molecules are attracted to cation and anion due to electrostatic attraction between them.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Methyl cation would be attracted to the given ions or molecules and the type of the intermolecular force involved in the attraction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other due to strong intermolecular attractions. Ionic compounds are composed of oppositely charged particles held by the electrostatic force of attraction or ion-ion attractions. Ion-ion interactions are the strongest intermolecular interactions because ions have very high concentrations of position and negative charge. Covalent compounds containing an electronegative atom having lone pair of electrons can attract cations.

Answer to Problem 2.43P

Sodium ion ${\text{(Na}}^{+})$ will not be attracted to methyl cation.

Explanation of Solution

The methyl cation is ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$. It is a positively charged ion and thus, it can be attracted to the negatively charged ion or the molecule having an atom with a lone pair of electrons.

${\text{Na}}^{+}$ is the cation and this will not be attracted to methyl cation since the charges of both the ions are equal. Thus, ${\text{Na}}^{\text{+}}$ will not be attracted to ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$.

Conclusion

Cation must have the anion to form a polar covalent bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Methyl cation would be attracted to the given ions or molecule and type of the intermolecular force involved in the attraction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other due to strong intermolecular attractions. Ionic compounds are composed of oppositely charged particles held by the electrostatic force of attraction or ion-ion attractions. Ion-ion interactions are the strongest intermolecular interactions because ions have very high concentrations of position and negative charge. Covalent compounds containing an electronegative atom having lone pair of electrons can attract cations.

Answer to Problem 2.43P

Chlorine ion ${\text{(Cl}}^{-})$ will be attracted to methyl cation ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$.

Explanation of Solution

The methyl cation undergoes attractions with negatively charged ions with polar compounds. ${\text{Cl}}^{-}$ is an anion and they attracted to methyl cation ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$. The ion-dipole intermolecular forces are involved in the attraction.

Conclusion

In polar molecules, cations and anions are attracted to each other due to electrostatic attraction between them.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Methyl cation would be attracted to the given ions or molecule and type of the intermolecular force involved in the attraction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other due to strong intermolecular attractions. Ionic compounds are composed of oppositely charged particles held by the electrostatic force of attraction or ion-ion attractions. Ion-ion interactions are the strongest intermolecular interactions because ions have very high concentrations of position and negative charge. Covalent compounds containing an electronegative atom having lone pair of electrons can attract cations.

Answer to Problem 2.43P

Fluorine ion ${\text{(F}}^{\text{-}})$ will be attracted to methyl cation ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$.

Explanation of Solution

The methyl cation is ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$. It is a positively charged ion and thus, it can be attracted to the negatively charged ion or the molecule having an atom with a lone pair of electrons. Fluoride ion, ${\text{F}}^{\text{-}}$, is a negatively charged ion. Negatively charged ions are attracted strongly to positively charged ions through ion-ion attractions. Thus, ${\text{F}}^{\text{-}}$ will be attracted to ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$ cation.

Conclusion

In polar molecules, cations and anions are attracted to each other due to electrostatic attraction between them.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Methyl cations would be attracted to the given ions or molecule and type of the intermolecular force involved in the attraction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other due to strong intermolecular attractions. Ionic compounds are composed of oppositely charged particles held by the electrostatic force of attraction or ion-ion attractions. Ion-ion interactions are the strongest intermolecular interactions because ions have very high concentrations of position and negative charge. Covalent compounds containing an electronegative atom having lone pair of electrons can attract cations.

Answer to Problem 2.43P

Formaldehyde ${\text{(H}}_{\text{2}}\text{C=O)}$ will be attracted to methyl cation ${\text{(CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}})$.

Explanation of Solution

The methyl cation is ${\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}}$. It is a positively charged ion and thus, it can be attracted to the negatively charged ion or the molecule having an atom with a lone pair of electrons.

The given molecule, formaldehyde, ${\text{(H}}_{\text{2}}\text{C=O)}$ is a polar molecule due to the presence of the oxygen and carbon polar bond $\text{(C=O)}$ and this will be attracted to methyl cation ${\text{(CH}}_3{}^{\text{+}})$. The dipole-dipole intermolecular forces are involved in the attraction.

Conclusion

Polar molecules are attracted to cation and anion due to electrostatic attraction between them.