Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
If the statement “A proton and an electron have the same mass but opposite charges” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
A proton has positive charge and an electron has negative charge. Proton contributes in the mass of an atom, but an electron does not.
(b)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the mass of an electron is considerably smaller than that of a neutron” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Mass of neutron is slightly greater than the mass of proton which is much higher than the mass of an electron.
(c)
Interpretation:
If the statement “an
Concept Introduction:
Atomic mass unit is used to measure the mass of an atom.
(d)
Interpretation:
If the statement “One amu is equal to 1 gram” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Mass of an atom is very small therefore it is measured in atomic mass unit (amu).
(e)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the protons and neutrons of an atom are found in the nucleus” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
In an atom protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus.
(f)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the electrons of an atom are found in the space surrounding the nucleus” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Electrons revolve around the nucleus.
(g)
Interpretation:
If the given statement “all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
The numbers of protons in all atoms of the same element are same.
(h)
Interpretation:
If the statement “all the atoms of the same element have the same number of electrons” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
The numbers of electrons in atoms of same element are same.
(i)
Interpretation:
If the statement “electrons and protons repel each other” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Electrons are negatively charged particles while protons are positively charged.
(j)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the size of an atom is approximately the size of its nucleus” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Nucleus is present at the center of an atom consisting of neutrons and protons.
(k)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the mass number of an atom is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Mass number of an atom is defined as the sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in its nucleus.
(l)
Interpretation:
If the statement “for most atoms, their mass number is the same as their
Concept Introduction:
The mass number (A) of an atom is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of that atom.
The atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons present in its nucleus.
(m)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the three isotopes of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3) differ only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
(n)
Interpretation:
If the statement“Hydrogen-1 has one neutron in its nucleus, hydrogen-2 has two neutrons in its nucleus and hydrogen-3 has three neutrons” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isotopes.
(o)
Interpretation:
If the statement“All
Concept Introduction:
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isotopes.
(p)
Interpretation:
If the statement “most elements found on Earth are mixtures of isotopes” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Most elements found on Earth are mixtures of isotopes, in a constant ratio.
(q)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the atomic weight of an element given in the Periodic Table is the weighted average of the masses of its isotopes found on Earth” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
The atomic weight of an element given in the Periodic Table is the weighted average of the masses (in amu) of its isotopes found on Earth.
(r)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the atomic weights of most elements are whole numbers” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
The atomic weight of an element given in the Periodic Table is the weighted average of the masses of its isotopes found on Earth.
(s)
Interpretation:
If the statement “most of the mass of an atom is found in its nucleus” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Mass of an atom is the sum of mass of protons and neutrons present in its nucleus.
(t)
Interpretation:
If the statement “the density of a nucleus is its mass number expressed in grams” is true or false should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

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Chapter 2 Solutions
OWLv2 for Bettelheim/Brown/Campbell/Farrell/Torres' Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, 11th Edition, [Instant Access], 1 term (6 months)
- Determine whether each of the following molecules is a hemiacetal, acetal, or neither and select the appropriate box in the table. CH3O OH OH OH hemiacetal acetal neither hemiacetal acetal neither Xarrow_forwardWhat is the missing reactant R in this organic reaction? N N དལ་ད་་ + R • Draw the structure of R in the drawing area below. • Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds if it's necessary to draw one particular enantiomer. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. ㄖˋarrow_forwardDraw the condensed structure of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal. Click anywhere to draw the first atom of your structure.arrow_forward
- Using the bond energy values, calculate the energy that must be supplied or is released upon the polymerization of 755 monomers. If energy must be supplied, provide a positive number; if energy is released, provide a negative number. Hint: Avogadro’s number is 6.02 × 1023.arrow_forward-AG|F=2E|V 3. Before proceeding with this problem you may want to glance at p. 466 of your textbook where various oxo-phosphorus derivatives and their oxidation states are summarized. Shown below are Latimer diagrams for phosphorus at pH values at 0 and 14: Acidic solution -0.93 +0.38 -0.51 -0.06 H3PO4 →H4P206 H3PO3 H3PO2 → P→ PH3 -0.28 -0.50 → -0.50 Basic solution 3-1.12 -1.57 -2.05 -0.89 PO HPO →→H2PO2 P PH3 -1.73 a) Under acidic conditions, H3PO4 can be reduced into H3PO3 directly (-0.28V), or via the formation and reduction of H4P2O6 (-0.93/+0.38V). Calculate the values of AG's for both processes; comment. (3 points) 0.5 PH, 0.0 -0.5- 2 3 9 3 -1.5 -2.0 Pa H,PO H,PO H,PO -3 -1 0 2 4 Oxidation state, N 2 b) Frost diagram for phosphorus under acidic conditions is shown. Identify possible disproportionation and comproportionation processes; write out chemical equations describing them. (2 points) c) Elemental phosphorus tends to disproportionate under basic conditions. Use data in…arrow_forwardThese two reactions appear to start with the same starting materials but result in different products. How do the chemicals know which product to form? Are both products formed, or is there some information missing that will direct them a particular way?arrow_forward
- What would be the best choices for the missing reagents 1 and 3 in this synthesis? 1. PPh3 3 1 2 2. n-BuLi • Draw the missing reagents in the drawing area below. You can draw them in any arrangement you like. • Do not draw the missing reagent 2. If you draw 1 correctly, we'll know what it is. • Note: if one of your reagents needs to contain a halogen, use bromine. Explanation Check Click and drag to start drawing a structure. 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Priva ×arrow_forwardPredict the products of this organic reaction: Explanation Check IN NaBH3CN H+ ? Click and drag to start drawing a structure. D 5 C +arrow_forwardPredict the products of this organic reaction: H3O+ + ? • Draw all the reasonable products in the drawing area below. If there are no products, because no reaction will occur, check the box under the drawing area. • Include both major and minor products, if some of the products will be more common than others. • Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds if you need to distinguish between enantiomers. No reaction. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. dmarrow_forward
- Iarrow_forwardDraw the anti-Markovnikov product of the hydration of this alkene. this problem. Note for advanced students: draw only one product, and don't worry about showing any stereochemistry. Drawing dash and wedge bonds has been disabled for esc esc ☐ Explanation Check F1 1 2 F2 # 3 F3 + $ 14 × 1. BH THE BH3 2. H O NaOH '2 2' Click and drag to start drawing a structure. F4 Q W E R A S D % 905 LL F5 F6 F7 © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility < & 6 7 27 8 T Y U G H I F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 9 0 J K L P + // command option Z X C V B N M H H rol option commandarrow_forwardAG/F-2° V 3. Before proceeding with this problem you may want to glance at p. 466 of your textbook where various oxo-phosphorus derivatives and their oxidation states are summarized. Shown below are Latimer diagrams for phosphorus at pH values at 0 and 14: -0.93 +0.38 -0.50 -0.51 -0.06 H3PO4 →H4P206 →H3PO3 →→H3PO₂ → P → PH3 Acidic solution Basic solution -0.28 -0.50 3--1.12 -1.57 -2.05 -0.89 PO HPO H₂PO₂ →P → PH3 -1.73 a) Under acidic conditions, H3PO4 can be reduced into H3PO3 directly (-0.28V), or via the formation and reduction of H4P206 (-0.93/+0.38V). Calculate the values of AG's for both processes; comment. (3 points) 0.5 PH P 0.0 -0.5 -1.0- -1.5- -2.0 H.PO, -2.3+ -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 2 H,PO, b) Frost diagram for phosphorus under acidic conditions is shown. Identify possible disproportionation and comproportionation processes; write out chemical equations describing them. (2 points) H,PO 4 S Oxidation stale, Narrow_forward
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