Chapter 2, Problem 2.137P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent four non-metal elements are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table is an arrangement of elements according to their properties, atomic number, and electronic configurations.

The characteristic properties of non-metals are as follows:

1. Non-metals, unlike metals, can be solid, liquid or gas.

2. Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature.

3. Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

4. Non-metals have a tendency to gain electrons to form anions.

5. Non-metals are non-malleable.

6. Non-metals are not ductile.

7. Non-metals do not exhibit sonority.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent two metal elements are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table is an arrangement of elements according to their properties, atomic number, and electronic configurations.

The characteristic properties of metals are as follows:

1. Metals are hard and shiny in appearance. Except for mercury, all metals are solid.

2. Metallic oxides are basic in nature.

3. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity

4. Metals have a tendency to lose electrons to form cations.

5. Metals are malleable. They can be beaten into thin sheets

6. Metals are ductile. They can be drawn into wires.

7. Metals exhibit sonority.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent three elements that are gaseous at room temperature are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

A periodic table is an arrangement of elements based on their atomic number, properties and electronic configuration. The table is arranged into groups and periods. The elements which are metallic in nature, occupy the large lower-left portion of the table. The non-metals occupy the small upper-right portion of the table. Metalloids like along the staircase line. Elements which appear in the same group have similar behaviour.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent three elements that are solid at room temperature are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

A periodic table is an arrangement of elements based on their atomic number, properties and electronic configuration. The table is arranged into groups and periods. The elements which are metallic in nature, occupy the large lower-left portion of the table. The non-metals occupy the small upper-right portion of the table. Metalloids like along the staircase line. Elements which appear in the same group have similar behaviour.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A pair of elements that will form a covalent compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Covalent compounds are formed by the interaction of two or more non-metal elements. In covalent compounds, the covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between the atoms instead of their transfer from one atom to another.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Another pair of elements that will likely form covalent compounds is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Covalent compounds are formed by the interaction of two or more non-metal elements. In covalent compounds, the covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between the atoms instead of their transfer from one atom to another.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent a pair of elements that will likely form an ionic compound with the formula $\text{MX}$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Ionic compounds are formed by the interaction of metal elements with non-metal elements. In an ionic bond formation, there is a transfer of electrons between atoms. The metal elements have a tendency to lose electrons in order to gain stability, whereas non-metals acquire stability by gaining the electrons. The ions thus formed attract each other due to strong electrostatic force between them to form ionic compounds.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent another pair of elements that will likely form an ionic compound with the formula $\text{MX}$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Ionic compounds are formed by the interaction of metal elements with non-metal elements. In an ionic bond formation, there is a transfer of electrons between atoms. The metal elements have a tendency to lose electrons in order to gain stability, whereas non-metals acquire stability by gaining the electrons. The ions thus formed attract each other due to strong electrostatic force between them to form ionic compounds.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent a pair of elements that will likely form an ionic compound with the formula ${\text{M}}_2\text{X}$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Ionic compounds are formed by the interaction of metal elements with non-metal elements. In an ionic bond formation, there is a transfer of electrons between atoms. The metal elements have a tendency to lose electrons in order to gain stability, whereas non-metals acquire stability by gaining the electrons. The ions thus formed attract each other due to strong electrostatic force between them to form ionic compounds.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent a pair of elements that will likely form an ionic compound with the formula ${\text{MX}}_2$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Ionic compounds are formed by the interaction of metal elements with non-metal elements. In an ionic bond formation, there is a transfer of electrons between atoms. The metal elements have a tendency to lose electrons in order to gain stability, whereas non-metals acquire stability by gaining the electrons. The ions thus formed attract each other due to strong electrostatic force between them to form ionic compounds.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured box that represents an element that forms no compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A periodic table is an arrangement of elements based on their atomic number, properties and electronic configuration. The table is arranged into groups and periods. The elements which are metallic in nature, occupy the large lower-left portion of the table. The non-metals occupy the small upper-right portion of the table. Metalloids like along the staircase line. Elements which appear in the same group have similar behaviour.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The coloured boxes that represent a pair of elements whose compounds exhibit the law of multiple proportions are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Law of multiple proportions states that, if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combines with a fixed mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.