Data Structures and Algorithms in Java
Data Structures and Algorithms in Java
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781119278023
Author: Michael T. Goodrich; Roberto Tamassia; Michael H. Goldwasser
Publisher: Wiley Global Education US
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Chapter 2, Problem 1R

Give three examples of life-critical software applications.

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Program Plan Intro

Life critical software applications:

Life critical software system or application is a system whose malfunction or damage may cause serious issues to the people involved. The outcome may be as follows:

  • Death to a person
  • Severe injury
  • Harm to environment
  • Equipment loss
  • Property damage.

Explanation of Solution

Three life critical software applications:

The life critical systems are used in many areas such as medicine, infrastructure, transport and nuclear engineering. The following are the three examples of life critical software applications:

Robotic-assisted surgery:

This belongs to medicinal field, where robots are used to perform very critical surgeries; they assist surgeons to enhance their performance.

Control systems and signaling in Railways:

The application is used to direct traffic in rail transport and make trains clear of each of each other line and avoid collision between them.

Air traffic control:

The application is used to provide service for aircrafts, controllers present in the ground will direct traffic of aircrafts.

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2. Signed Integers Unsigned binary numbers work for natural numbers, but many calculations use negative numbers as well. To deal with this, a number of different methods have been used to represent signed numbers, but we will focus on two's complement, as it is the standard solution for representing signed integers. 2.1 Two's complement • Most significant bit has a negative value, all others are positive. So, the value of an n-digit -2 two's complement number can be written as: Σ2 2¹ di 2n-1 dn • Otherwise exactly the same as unsigned integers. i=0 - • A neat trick for flipping the sign of a two's complement number: flip all the bits (0 becomes 1, or 1 becomes 0) and then add 1 to the least significant bit. • Addition is exactly the same as with an unsigned number. 2.2 Exercises For questions 1-3, answer each one for the case of a two's complement number and an unsigned number, indicating if it cannot be answered with a specific representation. 1. (15 pts) What is the largest integer…
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1. Unsigned Integers If we have an n-digit unsigned numeral dn-1d n-2...do in radix (or base) r, then the value of that numeral is n−1 r² di Σi=0 which is basically saying that instead of a 10's or 100's place we have an r's or r²'s place. For binary, decimal, and hex r equals 2, 10, and 16, respectively. Just a reminder that in order to write down a large number, we typically use the IEC or SI prefixing system: IEC: Ki = 210, Mi = 220, Gi = 230, Ti = 240, Pi = 250, Ei = 260, Zi = 270, Yi = 280; SI: K=103, M = 106, G = 109, T = 10¹², P = 1015, E = 10¹8, Z = 1021, Y = 1024. 1.1 Conversions a. (15 pts) Write the following using IEC prefixes: 213, 223, 251, 272, 226, 244 21323 Ki8 Ki 223 23 Mi 8 Mi b. (15 pts) Write the following using SI prefixes: 107, 10¹7, 10¹¹, 1022, 1026, 1015 107 10¹ M = 10 M = 1017102 P = 100 P c. (10 pts) Write the following with powers of 10: 7 K, 100 E, 21 G 7 K = 7*10³

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9.1.2 Software Development Approaches; Author: EIToppo;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9znuSQ7Sz8;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY