Human Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780805382952
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 2, Problem 1AYK
The polysaccharide cellulose is not digestible by humans, as we lack the enzyme cellulase, which is required to break it down. Certain dietary supplements contain the enzyme cellulase and claim that being able to break down cellulose will help a person lose weight. But what do you think would happen if we could digest the cellulose we ate?
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Food faddists often make exaggerated claims about certain types of food. For instance, some promoters of weight-loss diets claim that carbohydrate (for example, rice) is harmful and should be omitted from the diet or intake of carbohydrate significantly reduced. There is a saying that “fats burn in the fire of carbohydrates”. What is the meaning of this? What would be the effect of a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake on the utilization of fats for energy? Cite the biochemical mechanisms that support your answer.
Disaccharides like lactose can barely get through dialysis tubing, but CAN NOT move across a cell membrane. Therefore, what must happen to disaccharides and polysaccharides that we eat in order for our cells to use them as energy molecules?
Disaccharides like lactose can barely get through dialysis tubing, but CAN NOT move across a cell membrane.
What must happen to disaccharides and polysaccharides that we eat in order for our cells to use them as energy molecules?
What must be present in the digestive tract for this to happen?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1QCCh. 2.1 - What are atoms?Ch. 2.1 - How do the three types of subatomic particles...Ch. 2.1 - What is an element?Ch. 2.1 - 4. How are elements arranged in the periodic...Ch. 2.1 - What are isotopes?Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1AWYLCh. 2.1 - The element lithium has an atomic number of 3 and...Ch. 2.2 - What is a mixture?Ch. 2.2 - 2. How do the three types of mixtures differ?
Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3QCCh. 2.2 - What is an ionic bond?Ch. 2.2 - 5. How is an ionic bond formed?
Ch. 2.2 - 6. Explain how polar and nonpolar covalent bonds...Ch. 2.2 - What are hydrogen bonds? Why do hydrogen bonds...Ch. 2.2 - Which would be more reactive-an atom of fluorine...Ch. 2.2 - Would a molecule of hydrogen (H2) form hydrogen...Ch. 2.2 - Explain why the molecule Na2 does not exist in...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 1QCCh. 2.3 - Prob. 2QCCh. 2.3 - How do endergonic and exergonic reactions differ?Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 4QCCh. 2.3 - What factors can influence the rate of a chemical...Ch. 2.3 - 6. What is an enzyme, and what does an enzyme do?
Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 1AWYLCh. 2.3 - Explain why most biological molecules are stable...Ch. 2.3 - 3. Many naturally occurring poisons function by...Ch. 2.4 - What are four properties of water that make it a...Ch. 2.4 - 2. Which molecules are likely to be hydrophilic?...Ch. 2.4 - 3. Define the terms acid and base.
Ch. 2.4 - What is the pH scale? Which pH values are...Ch. 2.4 - What is the effect of a buffer on a solution?Ch. 2.4 - What is a salt?Ch. 2.4 - 7. What does an electrolyte do in a solution?
Ch. 2.4 - Explain how the water surrounding a fetus in the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 2AWYLCh. 2.5 - 1. How do polymers and monomers differ?
Ch. 2.5 - 2.3. How do monosaccharides, disaccharides, and...Ch. 2.5 - 2. How do monosaccharides, disaccharides, and...Ch. 2.5 - How are two monosaccharides linked to form a...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 2.5 - 5. How do phospholipids and triglycerides differ?
Ch. 2.5 - What are steroids?Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 8QCCh. 2.5 - How are amino acids linked to form peptides and...Ch. 2.5 - What are the four levels of structural...Ch. 2.5 - 10. What are the components and roles of ATP?
Ch. 2.5 - 11. How do DNA and RNA differ?
Ch. 2.5 - 11. What are the three components of a...Ch. 2.5 - Which molecule would be the most soluble in water:...Ch. 2.5 - In Module 2.3, you learned that increasing...Ch. 2.5 - 3. How could a defect in a gene lead to a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1CYRCh. 2 - Fill in the blanks: Isotopes are atoms with the...Ch. 2 - 3. Which of the following statements correctly...Ch. 2 - 4. Explain the difference between an ionic and a...Ch. 2 - Identify each of the following molecules or...Ch. 2 - What are hydrogen bonds, and how do they form?Ch. 2 - Prob. 7CYRCh. 2 - Prob. 8CYRCh. 2 - Which of the following would not result in an...Ch. 2 - 10. An enzyme is a:
a. biological catalyst that...Ch. 2 - Prob. 11CYRCh. 2 - With respect to their solubility in water,...Ch. 2 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 2 - A salt is: a. a metal cation bonded to a nonmetal...Ch. 2 - 15. Compare and contrast the structures of...Ch. 2 - 16. Mark the following statements as true or...Ch. 2 - 17. Why is it important for a protein to maintain...Ch. 2 - Which of the following is not part of a...Ch. 2 - 19. Mark the following properties as belonging to...Ch. 2 - Which of the following statements is/are true...Ch. 2 - 1. In certain types of radioactive decay, the...Ch. 2 - Considering that water is a main component of the...Ch. 2 - 3. Explain why monosaccharides are polar and fatty...Ch. 2 - 1. The polysaccharide cellulose is not digestible...Ch. 2 - Some claim that the pH of your blood can be...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3AYKCh. 2 - Prob. 5AYKCh. 2 - You have just dropped some phospholipids into...
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- Amylase is an enzyme found in saliva that is capable of breaking down starch into glucose molecules for metabolism. Humans have amylase in their saliva, and it is considered one of the first metabolic processes we carry out in digestion. When we consume some starchy foods, they often begin to taste sweet with chewing as the glucose sugars begin to be released by the amylase reaction with starch. In the following image, we tested a students saliva for the presence of amylase. Step 1: A starch solution was added to each of the three test tubes. Step 2: From left to right in the picturearrow_forwardIf both cellulose and starch are just polymers of glucose, why can we only get glucose from starch, while cellulose cannot be digested by our bodies? What is missing for cellulose?arrow_forwardBoth cellulose and starch are long polymers made up thousands of glucose molecules. Yet humans can digest starch but not cellulose. What is the reason that human cannot digest cellulose? Possible responses belowarrow_forward
- Draw amylose and cellulose. Explain the differences Can we digest both molecules? Why or Why not?arrow_forwardInfant formulas contain mixes of dextrins and maltose rather than starch because they are easier to digest. Why are they easier to digest than starch?arrow_forwardImagine you denatured all the enzymes required to break down carbohydrates in your meal. What would be the result? 1. The process of breaking down proteins would be greatly affected. 2. Your carbohydrates would also be denatured. 3. The enzymes that breakdown other organic molecules will aid in breakdown of carbs. 4. The process of breaking down carbohydrates would be a lot slower or non-existentarrow_forward
- Starch and sugar have the same number of calories per gram. However, not all vegetables are equally calorie-dense. For example, a serving of boiled sweet potato provides about 1.2 calories per gram, while a serving of kale yields only 0.3 calories per gram. What could account for the difference in the calories your body obtains from these two foods?arrow_forwardMarathon runners preparing for a race engage in "carb loading" to maximize their carbohydrate reserves. This involves eating large quantities of starchy foods. Why is starch preferable to candy or sugar-rich foods?arrow_forwardWhy does the human body prefer carbohydrates over lipids as an immediate source of energy?arrow_forward
- In the digestion of Carbohydrates, the more complex carbohydrate molecules are broken down into smaller molecules such as the Monosaccharides. This breakdown of complex carbohydrate into simple sugars is an example of: a. Catabollism b. Anabolismarrow_forwardWhy does your digestive system produce separate enzymes to the just proteins fats and carbohydrates?arrow_forwardWhat is the metabolic basis for the observation that many adults cannot ingest large quantities of milk without developing gastric difficulties? What is the benefit of fiber in the diet? Why is it advantageous that polysaccharides can have branched chains? No animal can digest cellulose. Reconcile this statement with the fact that many animals are herbivores that depend heavily on cellulose as a food source.arrow_forward
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